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Toxic Substances and Hazardous Wastes
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh, Safe Work Practices for Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2018
Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh
Animal toxins—These toxins can result from venomous or poisonous animal releases. Venomous animals are usually defined as those that are capable of producing a poison in a highly developed gland or group of cells and can deliver that toxin through biting or stinging. Poisonous animals are generally regarded as those whose tissues, either in part or in their whole, are toxic.
Animal and Plant Toxins
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
Jason S. Albertson, Frederick W. Oehme
Venomous animals are those creatures which produce a poison in a highly-developed gland or group of cells and inject this substance into another animal or plant by a bite or sting. In contrast, a poisonous animal cannot directly inject its poison but the poison is generally delivered via ingestion of the poisonous organism by the victim.
A secretory system for extracellular production of spider neurotoxin huwentoxin-I in Escherichia coli
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Changjun Liu, Qing Yan, Ke Yi, Tianhao Hu, Jianjie Wang, Zheyang Zhang, Huimin Li, Yutao Luo, Dongyi Zhang, Er Meng
Under the constant evolutionary pressure of millions of years, animal venoms with extraordinary biological potency and exceptional target selectivity have been evolutionarily fine-tuned in venom glands of venomous animals for hunting prey and defending against predators to their intended molecular targets.[1,2] At present, animal venoms, composed of massive bioactive peptides or proteins as well as small organic molecules, have become a naturally pharmaceutical arsenal containing ideal candidates as pharmacological tools, human therapeutics, and bioinsecticides.[3,4] Bioactive peptides and proteins, which are usually tightly folded and stabilized by single or multiple disulfide bonds, are the major components widely expressed in animal venoms.[2,5] The well-defined three-dimensional structures and topological orientation of the cysteine-rich peptides were well scaffolded by the disulfide bond frameworks, thus improving the thermal, chemical, and enzymatical stability, potency, and selectivity of the peptides.[6–8] Until now, cysteine-rich peptides of less than 100 amino acids residues are the best-studied toxins in venom research. Ziconotide, an analgesic peptide isolated from cone snail, is a well-known example of cysteine-rich peptides for relieving chronic pain.[9]
Good management practices of venomous snakes in captivity to produce biological venom-based medicines: achieving replicability and contributing to pharmaceutical industry
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2021
Lucilene Santos, Cristiano Oliveira, Barbara Marques Vasconcelos, Daniela Vilela, Leonardo Melo, Lívia Ambrósio, Amanda da Silva, Leticia Murback, Jacqueline Kurissio, Joeliton Cavalcante, Claudia Vilalva Cassaro, Luciana Barros, Benedito Barraviera, Rui Seabra Ferreira
Animal venoms are a complex mixture of organic and inorganic components (Calvete et al. 2009; Lomonte and Calvete 2017; Theakston and Kamiguti 2002). According to Warrel (2010) “Snake venoms are rich in protein and peptide toxins that have specificity for a wide range of tissue receptors, making them clinically challenging and scientifically fascinating, especially for drug design.” In addition to the unique importance of these toxins in the production of antivenoms, several investigators demonstrated analgesic, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antiviral, antiparasitic, and antitumor potential (Costa et al. 2014; Da Mata et al. 2017; Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, Garcia Soares, and Stockand 2019).