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In Silico Approach to Cancer Therapy
Published in Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava, Recent Advances in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy, 2022
Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava
Dysregulation of the apoptotic programmed cell death pathway is another characteristic of cancer. Caspases are crucial for apoptosis activation. Caspase proteins are from the cysteine proteases family, which has essential roles in apoptosis. The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) can constrain caspases. Legewie et al. (2006) have developed a model based on the caspase-3 and caspase-9 inhibition by IAPs. This results in the generation of implicit positive feedback leading to bistability and irreversibility in caspase activation.
Optical Nanosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
Fiber-optic nanobiosensors, consisting of antibodies coupled to an optical transducer element, have been used to detect biochemical targets, benzopyrene tetrol (BPT), and benzo[α]pyrene (BaP), inside single cells; BPT is a metabolite of the carcinogen benzo[α]pyrene. Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a process by which cells in our tissues and organs degenerate during normal development, aging, or in disease. Fiber-optic nanobiosensors offer a strategy to monitor and measure apoptosis proteins early in the cell-death cascade. Furthermore, several different optical fiber-based chemical NSs have been studied for measurement of pH, concentrations of various ions, and other chemical species.
Introduction to the Biological System
Published in Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu, Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, 2020
Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu
Cell death may occur for many reasons. For example, cells, that die from tissue damage, undergo a cell death process, known as necrosis. Cell necrosis usually occurs due to external factors, like sudden mechanical shock, exposure to UV irradiation or an electromagnetic field, resulting in irreversible injury. But a major part of tissue development experiences programmed cell death (apoptosis), which occurs as a result of a series of events leading to tissue morphogenesis. During apoptosis, first of all cell shrinks, followed by DNA fragmentation and chromosomal condensation, and finally cells split into small apoptotic bodies. These apoptotic bodies are membrane-bound structures and do not spill into the extracellular space to cause local peripheral damage. Thus, apoptosis is a highly ordered process, and a failure often leads to tumor formation. Due to unfavorable cellular microenvironments, if a cell is unable to repair DNA damage (see Figure 8.4), it will initiate a suicidal mechanism. Cell apoptosis can be characterized morphologically as (a) cell shrinkage, (b) membrane blabbing, and (c) DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation.
Estimation of silver nanoparticles effect on the reproductive health of female Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Yara Mohamed, Abdel-Wahab El Ghareeb, Fawzy Ali Attaby, Heba Ali Abd El-Rahman
Oxidative stress is the inequality between oxidative and anti-oxidative systems of cells and tissues. Oxidative stress is from the major mechanisms by which nanoparticles exert their toxicity. Excessive generation of oxidative-free radicals and related reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes oxidative stress, which can cause immune activation and inflammation, which can activate cell death processes such as apoptosis. Apoptosis is an extremely controlled process that is fundamental for the development and survival of multicellular organisms. ROS plays a key role in cell signaling and the control of apoptosis pathways controlled by mitochondria, death receptors, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathophysiology of infertility and assisted fertility. There is some evidence of its role in endometriosis, tubal and peritoneal factor infertility, and unexplained infertility. ROS influences a wide range of physiological reproductive functions, including oocyte maturation, ovarian steroidogenesis, corpus luteal activity, and luteolytic [37]. Toxicity is measured by MDA content in vivo, MDA is formed by lipid peroxidation and can react with protein amino groups. MDA is a by-product of lipid peroxidation and is directly related to the damage caused. MDA levels are a valuable biomarker for determining oxidative stress.
Pistacia atlantica fruit essential oil nanoemulsions (PAEO-NE), an effective antiangiogenic therapeutic and cell-dependent apoptosis inducer on A549 human lung cancer cells
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Mahvash Vakili Karkanrood, Masoud Homayouni Tabrizi, Touran Ardalan, Mozhgan Soltani, Farzanehsadat Khadem, Toktam Nosrat, Soheila Moeini
Cells escape apoptosis during malignancy and their proliferation increases, so another of the most important strategies to inhibit tumor growth is to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.[5] In the last three decades, the most important goal of clinical oncology has been to achieve treatments for the effective removal of cancer cells by apoptosis. Apoptosis is induced by various factors such as cellular stress, DNA damage and in several signaling pathways (intrinsic and external pathways). These signaling pathways are regulated by various genes, including caspases.[16] Therefore, identifying compounds that can trigger apoptosis-inducing signals through the external or internal pathway can be an effective treatment to inhibit cancer cell growth.
Cadmium induces cytotoxicity in normal mouse renal MM55.K cells
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Ho Jeong Lee, Ju Hong Lee, Seon Min Lee, Na Hyun Kim, Yeon Gyu Moon, Tae Kil Tak, Moonjung Hyun, Jeong Doo Heo
Apoptosis, the process of programmed cell death, is defined by morphological change such as cytoplasmic shrinking, extensive plasma membrane blebbing, and formation of nuclear condensation. Apoptosis proceeds through two main pathways, the caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, play critical roles in the initiation and execution of apoptosis. In addition, mitochondrial proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 family proteins are important for apoptosis regulation. These proteins could be either pro-apoptotic, such as Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer, or antiapoptotic, such as Bcl-extra large (Bcl-xL) (Hatok and Racay 2016). Furthermore, the AKT signaling pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPKs) regulate cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis (Wada and Penninger 2004).