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Knowledge Representation for Building Multi-Dimensional Advanced Digital Human Models
Published in Philip D. Bust, Contemporary Ergonomics 2006, 2020
In an ADHM several types of knowledge, provided by the submodels, can be attached, see figure 1. Anatomical knowledge considers the location and the function of the tissues, internal structure, contained active and passive elements, and functional relationship with other tissues. Knowledge on morphology considers the shape of the body and the internal tissues, and their connections and contact properties (geometric relationships). Physiological knowledge describes the functioning of tissues such as fluids (blood, lymph, interstitial fluid), soft tissues (muscles and adipose tissue), hard tissue (bones), metabolic processes and the nerve system. The mechanical behaviour is described by (i) the material properties, which are usually elastic, non-linear and/or viscous, (ii) the activation of muscular structures. The posture submodel describes changes of the positions of the joints. A change of the posture modifies the shape of body and tissues, relocates tissues, and deviates the transmission of forces through the body. As a matter of fact figure 1 does not show a complete model. For specific applications new submodels can be attached and others removed.
Segmentation and Edge/Line Detection
Published in Scott E. Umbaugh, Digital Image Processing and Analysis, 2017
Morphology relates to the structure or form of objects. Morphological filtering simplifies a segmented image to facilitate the search for objects of interest. This is done by smoothing out object outlines, filling small holes, eliminating small projections, and with other similar techniques. While this section will focus on applications to binary images, the extension of the concepts to gray-level images will also be discussed. For color images, each band can be processed separately. We will look at the different types of operations available and at some examples of their use.
Composite Materials Testing
Published in Sheraz Ahmad, Abher Rasheed, Ali Afzal, Faheem Ahmad, Advanced Textile Testing Techniques, 2017
Khubab Shaker, Yasir Nawab, Sheraz Ahmad, Abher Rasheed, Ali Afzal, Faheem Ahmad
Morphology is the term used for the study of the structure or shape of a part. In the case of composite materials, surface morphology comprises high resolution 3D imaging by use of sophisticated microscopes. The exposed surface of the sample or product is viewed for details that cannot be seen with the naked eye. This technique produces very minute details of the specimen surface even at the nanometric scale. The scanning electron microscope is the most powerful tool for examining the surface morphology of composite materials.
Bacteria isolated from e-waste soil enhance plant growth and mobilize trace metals in e-waste-amended soils
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Bhamini Patel, Hardik Naik Jinal, Sonal Manik Chavan, Dhiraj Paul, Natarajan Amaresan
Over the past few decades, the number of PGP bacteria belonging to different genera substantially increased to 2–5% (Ahmad et al.2008). Before their application in agricultural fields, it is necessary to evaluate them for their PGP properties and their ability to survive in a new environment before formulation. In this study, eighteen aerobic bacteria were selected based on colony morphology, shape, size, elevation, and color from the PCB-contaminated soils. The CFUs of the soil ranged from 40.0 × 10−6 to 50 × 10−6. Initial screening of the isolated bacteria for PCBs revealed that all isolates could tolerate 0.2 g− 100 ml in nutrient agar. Further screening of these isolates on individual metals revealed that only two isolates (GSP-25 and VES2-3) grew up to 0.1 g/100 ml concentration of CuSO4·5H2O (MW: 249.68). Similar results were observed for FeSO4·7H2O (MW: 276.01) and NiCl2·6H2O (237.69) amended media, where the isolates showed maximum tolerance to 0.2 g/100 ml. However, for the ZnO (MW: 81.379) amended medium, the isolates showed maximum tolerance up to 0.8 g/100 ml. Only two isolates (GSP-25and VES2-3) showed resistance to all metals tested in this study along with PCB waste (Table 1).
Comparing the efficiency of N-doped TiO2 and commercial TiO2 as photo catalysts for amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin photo-degradation under solar irradiation
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Rasha Khalid Sabri Mhemid, Mohammed Sadeq Salman, Noor A. Mohammed
SEM was used to examine the morphology (shape, structure, color, pattern, and size) of Com. TiO2 and N-doped TiO2 before and after usage in the photodegradation of antibiotics (AMOX, CFX). Figure 3(a,b) exhibits SEM images of Com. TiO2 and N-doped TiO2 before treatment, respectively, which it was found that the particle size of pure TiO2 ranged between (44.66–82.62) nm whereas after nitrogen doping, the size was reduced to around (17.86–45.79) nm. Besides that, both of them are within the nanostructures.[34] The rough surfaces, irregular spherical agglomerates and a large number of pores, ravines and grooves in the outer surface were also observed in SEM images. Indeed, these morphological properties of Com. TiO2 and N-doped TiO2 provide a large surface area for sorbing pollutants molecules during a photocatalytic process.[35] White nitrogen molecules can also be seen on the surface of the TiO2 particle in Figure 3b.
Integration of cortical thickness data in a statistical shape model of the scapula
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Jonathan Pitocchi, Roel Wirix-Speetjens, G. Harry van Lenthe, María Ángeles Pérez
In order to explicitly include subject specific cortical thickness information on the SSM, additional efforts must be done. The scapula morphology is complex and the trabecular region is not one continuous region. For other anatomies (e.g., femur), where often a clear trabecular structure is present, it is possible to use standard SSM workflows (where point correspondence between outer and inner surface is obtained by warping). For the scapula this is not a viable option, but the sparse trabecular information can be included in the model through cortical scalar values. Therefore, the goal of this study is to combine scapular bone shape and cortex morphology in an SSM. First, an automatic method to estimate cortical thickness, based on HU-profile analysis, is developed and validated, as an alternative to the one used in (Treece et al. 2010). Second, a technique is presented to include cortical thickness in the SSM of the scapula. The quality of the created SSM is then evaluated by assessing the generalization, the specificity and the compactness of the resulting model.