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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
There are ten organ systems in the human body divided on the basis of both structure (anatomy) and function (physiology). The secretion of insulin and glucagon, which are necessary for the control of blood sugar in the human body, is from the pancreas. The effect a xenobiotic produces in the human body is dependent on its physicochemical properties and thus the results of xenobiotic exposure is altered by this process of biotransformation. However, in the vast majority of situations, biotransformation terminates the effectiveness of the xenobiotic in the human body, whether beneficial or harmful. Most organs are under the influence of both nerve impulses and hormones. The ability of the immune response to protect the reader against bacteria, fungi, viruses and other parasites and other foreign matter is one of the most important defence mechanisms of the human body.
Operative tools for new approaches towards urban conservation
Published in Koen Van Balen, Aziliz Vandesande, Professionalism in the Built Heritage Sector, 2019
Anatomy is the branch of science concerned with the morphology and the structure of living organisms. But in the field of conservation, mostly on an urban scale, there is not yet a set of experiences and tools to understand the urban fabric as deep as possible. There is a twofold problem related to form and structure, and proper strategies are needed to deal with each of them.
The Human Body as the Foundation for Wearable Product Design
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Anatomy is defined as “the study of structure” (McKinley & O’Loughlin, 2006, p. 2). The root of the word anatomy comes from Greek, meaning to “cut up” or “cut open,” harking back to the early pioneers in human body discovery as they dissected human remains to discover the mysteries of the body. Anatomists, medical students, and scientists use dissection today to study the parts of the body and the relationships of the parts. Understanding body structure is crucial when planning and implementing how a wearable product will be placed, attached, and work with the body.
Resnet-Unet-FSOA based cranial nerve segmentation and medial axis extraction using MRI images
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
Anatomy, as well as physiological and pathological processes in the human body, is visualized and analysed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [1]. It acts as a famous and powerful tool in the field of medical imaging that is utilized in various treatment processes [2]. It is also an efficient tool for diagnosis in most medicinal treatments, where image segmentation occupies a significant part [3,4]. MRI utilizes potential and efficient magnetic fields as well as radio waves for generating images of internal organs in a body [5,6]. It offers more brief information about the internal organs while comparing to other imaging modalities [7–11]. Particularly, MRI is an initial phase while dealing with the huge level of clinical issues [12]. The structure of the human brain is deformable and also comprises complicated boundaries among diverse areas. The probable applications of MRI in clinical observations are the classification of brain tissue or else segmenting of normal as well as pathological tissues [3,13]. MRI is a high standard for cranial nerve delineation, anatomy courses, and pathological alterations. Using higher resolution MRI, smaller processing with resulting cranial nerve dysfunction can also be visualized [14]. The cranial nerves anatomy is complicated and the estimation of patients having cranial neuropathies needs a very deep understanding of the actual course related to these significant structures [15]. The human body comprises of twelve pairs of cranial nerves, which control the motor as well as sensory operations of the neck and head [16].
Biosorption of different gadolinium (Gd) complexes from water by Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth)
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2022
Achmad A. P. Kartamihardja, Soma Kumasaka, Lukman Hilfi, Satomi Kameo, Hiroshi Koyama, Yoshito Tsushima
Japan has the largest number of diagnostic imaging devices in the world, including Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners. There are 48 MRI scanners per 100,000 population (Matsumoto et al. 2015) which may contribute to problems of gadolinium (Gd) as a new emerging contaminant. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is an imaging procedure that utilizes a strong magnetic field to depict the anatomy and the physiology of the human body. The diagnostic procedure of MRI often requires the use of enhancing agents known as Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) to improve its diagnostic yield. Gadolinium-based contrast agents have been used in MRI over the last three decades because of the excellent paramagnetic properties of Gd ions (Frenzel et al. 2008; Seeger et al. 2008; Wahsner et al. 2019).
Distance Metric-based Segmentation and Score-Level Classification for Optimized Tumor Identification in MR Images
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
D. Jithendra Reddy, T. Arun Prasath, M. Pallikonda Rajasekaran
Image segmentation is separating multiple parts from a digital image. The main goal is to optimize the segmentation process further, so that it shows effective outcomes and is simple to understand. This technique is mainly used to locate objects and outline images. [3]. As a result, MRI is used to investigate the anatomy of the brain and pancreas (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). It does not affect the body because it remains negated when exposed to radiation. It operates by combining radio waves with a magnetic field [4]. Since then, there has been a pressing requirement to segment a medical image with specific characteristics such as accuracy, speed of calculation, and robust segmentation results as well as consumer engagement [5]. Segmentation separates the images that alter the intensity, such as the corners and edges, under the normal group [6]. In picture segmentation, several issues, such as the emergence of integrated approaches, form. However, determining the correct approach for specific photos is a significant challenge [7]. It is essential to understand the mechanism and functionality of several well-established segmentation approaches to compare with the performance of the proposed one. The structure of this article is organized into the following sections: Section II throws a background into several articles from the literature that has been used for the brain and pancreatic images. Section III shows the functionality of the proposed work. Section IV illustrates the outcomes and discussion derived from the respective segmented and classified images. Section V concludes the paper.