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Gene Therapy in Tissue Engineering: Prospects and Challenges
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Tissue engineering is a subtype of regenerative medicine, which focuses on restoring, repairing, and maintaining damaged cells albeit outside the body by using synthetic- and naturally-derived materials as scaffolds to provide right environment to help grow tissue in test tubes and later apply them on affected areas. Tissue engineering is, thereby, aimed to promote and advance regenerative engineering, a new field defined as the Convergence of Advanced Materials Sciences, Stem Cell Science, Physics, Developmental Biology, and Clinical Translation for the regeneration of complex tissues and organ systems. Thus, three components are most important for tissue engineering; first is the scaffold (biodegradable structures that hold implanted cells in place until they develop into integrated tissue), second are the cells, and third are the growth factors (Figure 3.1).
Regenerative Engineering of the Human Using Convergence
Published in Yusuf Khan, Cato T. Laurencin, Regenerative Engineering, 2018
Cato T. Laurencin, Naveen Nagiah
The definition of regenerative engineering has undergone slight modifications over time but has stayed true to the notion that it is a Convergence field (3). By this, we mean that it is a field that brings together many new fields and works together to create new ways of thinking and new technologies. Regenerative Engineering capitalizes on relying on science and technology areas that are new areas that we did not possess during the period of time in which tissue engineering was first born. We define regenerative engineering as the convergence of the advanced materials science, stem cell science, physics, developmental biology, and clinical translation toward the regeneration of complex tissues, organs, and organ systems. As we have discussed, Regenerative Engineering can be viewed as a true Convergence field where the coming together of insights and approaches from originally distinct fields fuels the work done in Regenerative Engineering (Figure 8.1).
Scaffolds for 3D Model Systems in Bone Regenerative Engineering
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Keshia Ashe, Seth Malinowski, Yusuf Khan, Cato T. Laurencin
Bone is an intriguing tissue to study because its repair and regeneration requires the inclusion of a vast array of expertise, from developmental biology to stem cell science, materials science, physics, and beyond. Bone is unique in that it has both mechanical and physiological responsibilities within the human body, and as such requires the consideration of each when developing regeneration strategies or when developing 3D model systems to study its repair. The field of regenerative engineering has emerged as in important tool in this task to encompass each of these aspects. When considering a scaffold-based approach to bone repair or regeneration, one must consider the development of a 3D structure onto which cells can attach, migrate, proliferate, differentiate, and ultimately mineralize and many of the adopted techniques and designs have arisen from the inherent biological structure of bone itself. Indeed many of the regenerative strategies used for bone involve the development of 3D systems of bone repair. Here, we have summarized some of the techniques that have been used to synthesize this 3D environment, along with some of the successes realized with each approach. While not a comprehensive list of all available approaches, the methods listed provide a starting point for the regenerative engineer choosing to model healing bone or to take a scaffold-based approach to bone repair and regeneration.
Directing chemotaxis-based spatial self-organisation via biased, random initial conditions
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2019
Sean Grimes, Linge Bai, Andrew W.E. McDonald, David E. Breen
Like Pfeifer et al. [31], we turn to biology and self-organisation for insights into the design of autonomous robots, robotic swarms in our case. Our previous work in self-organising shape formation [2,32] is inspired by developmental biology [33] and morphogenesis [34], and builds upon a chemotaxis-based cell aggregation simulation system [35]. Morphogenesis is the process that forms the shape or structure of an organism through cell shape change, movement, attachment, growth, and death. We have explored chemotaxis as a paradigm for agent system control because the motions induced by chemotaxis (one of the mechanisms of morphogenesis) may produce patterns, structures, or sorting of cells [36].