China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Next Generation Tissue Engineering Strategies by Combination of Organoid Formation and 3D Bioprinting
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Shikha Chawla, Juhi Chakraborty, Sourabh Ghosh
Organogenesis, during embryonic stage, is governed by a constellation of complex processes, involving cell-cell and cell-matrix protein interactions, cell migration, regulation of large number of signaling molecules and signaling pathways. Progenitor cells differentiate to specific phenotypes, and produce organ specific ECM. At the same time, according to the embryonic developmental plan and anatomical architecture, concerted cellular self-assembly leads to formation of the “organ germ”. These rudimentary organ germs then undergo organ-specific morphogenesis to meet the requirements of biological as well as mechanical functionality (Sasai 2013, Sasai et al. 2012). Since past few decades, tissue engineers have tried to recapitulate these complex developmental biology signaling cascades and morphogenesis by combining progenitor cells or primary cells, various polymeric scaffolds, and bioactive molecules or growth factors by using tissue engineering techniques in vitro. But in the past decades, very few tissue engineered constructs could achieve desired level of success in human clinical trials.
Functional ectodermal organ regeneration based on epithelial and mesenchymal interactions
Published in David M. Gardiner, Regenerative Engineering and Developmental Biology, 2017
Masamitsu Oshima, Takashi Tsuji
The ultimate goal of regenerative therapy is to completely restore lost or damaged tissues by using a fully functioning bioengineered organ (Oshima and Tsuji 2014). Almost all organs, including ectodermal organs, arise from their respective organ germs, which are induced by reciprocal epithelial–mesenchymal interactions during early embryonic development (Figure 20.2). The bioengineering technology for regenerating 3D organs has progressed to the replication of organogenesis based on epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, thereby enabling the development of fully functional bioengineered organs by using bioengineered organ germs that are generated from immature stem cells through 3D cell manipulation in vitro (Ikeda and Tsuji 2008, Oshima and Tsuji 2014).
A Perspective on the Impact of Additive Manufacturing on Future Biomaterials
Published in Heather N. Hayenga, Helim Aranda-Espinoza, Biomaterial Mechanics, 2017
Jesse K. Placone, John P. Fisher
Additive manufacturing allows for the spatial control of the resultant biomaterial. One critical aspect of this for the future development of biomaterials is the ability to spatially control the deposition of the material as well as its physical properties (e.g., stiffness, permeability, viscoelastic properties, swelling, as well as others) [10,16–18]. By modulating these properties, the resultant biomaterial can be tailored to better mimic native tissue. As an example application, there has been a recent push toward developing biomaterials suitable for organogenesis. These biomaterials have provided unique insight into development pathways and have established parameters that are necessary for the generation of complex tissues with stem cells. Future applications of these biomaterials and resultant organoids are not limited to understanding developmental biology, but they can be utilized to enhance treatment options in regenerative medicine. One such application currently under investigation is the development of organoids for drug screening and developmental biology [9]. These biomaterial systems consisting of hydrogels laden with multiple cell types, derived from pluripotent stem cell sources, will potentially allow for the assessment of drug toxicity, efficacy, and systemic effects on models for human organs in vitro [6]. Thereby, the drug testing and development process can be transitioned to a more high-throughput process.
Bioethics and Environmental Ethics: The Story of the Human Body as a Natural Ecosystem
Published in The New Bioethics, 2020
Zoe-Athena Papalois, Kyriaki-Barbara Papalois
Stem cells are responsible for body mapping, growth, and organogenesis during development. Later stem cells play a role in tissue maintenance, repair and optimisation throughout an organism’s lifespan (Chagastelles and Nardi, 2011). Wounding leads to a stress response that re-awakens the tissue building machinery. In plants, strategically obtained cuttings from meristem cell-rich zones such as leaves, stems and shoot tips have been used by farmers for centuries to produce phenotypically desirable crops (Jayanand et al. 2003). By virtue of these stem cells, tree stumps or fallen branches can regrow an entire tree. This is often done deliberately, in a process known as coppicing.