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Cellular Biology in Tissue Engineering
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
However, if the ICM is harvested from the blastocyst prior to the implantation stage, and cultured in appropriate laboratory conditions, these cells can continue to proliferate endlessly and retain their potential to differentiate into any cell in the body. The second type of pluripotent stem cells were identified when the ICM undergoes further cell division and forms two layers; the lower layer, which is called the hypoblast, will form the yolk sac and the upper layer of the ICM tissue will form the epiblast.1 Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are pluripotent stem cells that give raise to cells present in all of the three embryonic germ layers as follows: Ectoderm: This germ layer gives raise to brain, spinal cord, nerves, hair, skin, teeth, sensory cells of the eyes, nose, mouth and pigment cells.Mesoderm: This germ layer gives raise to muscles, blood, blood vessels, connective tissues, and the heart.Endoderm: This germ layer gives raise to the gut (pancreas, stomach, liver, and other associated organs of the gut), lungs, bladder, eggs, and sperm.
Adult Stem Cell Plasticity
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
The gastrointestinal tract is derived from the endoderm. This embryonic layer forms as a single-cell thick cup covering the mesoderm and ectoderm at the end of gastrulation, but it rapidly elongates and expands into a tubular structure. Buds sprout off of the primitive gut tube to form endodermal organs such as the pancreas, liver, and lungs, and the tube itself gives rise to the gastrointestinal tract.120 In the adult animal, complex migration and differentiation programs persist in this organ system, facilitating the rapid turn over of epithelial cells. Throughout the adult GI tract, new epithelial cells are produced by putative stem cell compartments at sites where cellular migration originates.121 In the small bowel, these sites are located at the base of the crypts, from which cells migrate upwards toward the villi tips where they will eventually be shed into the bowel lumen. In the gastric glands of the stomach, the migration pattern is bidirectional, as the stem cell compartment exists in the middle portion of the tubule and maturing cells migrate both upwards and downwards.121 During their migration, these cells differentiate into all of the different cell types found in the gut epithelium, including the columnar enterocytes, mucin-secreting cells, endocrine cells, and Paneth cells. Despite the cellular diversity in the gut, each crypt in the bowel or gastric gland in the stomach is derived from a single stem cell.122-125 There are only a few instances when crypts and glands have a polyclonal origin, including in the early stages of normal development,126 in certain regions of the adult GI tract,127 and in certain neoplasias.128
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Endoderm is the innermost layer of the cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst; it gives rise to lungs, other respiratory structures, and digestive organs, or generally “the gut.”
Epigenotoxicity: a danger to the future life
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Farzaneh Kefayati, Atoosa Karimi Babaahmadi, Taraneh Mousavi, Mahshid Hodjat, Mohammad Abdollahi
ESCs have a role in making the three main layers of the embryo (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) under the regulation of epigenetic factors. Phthalates- dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can function as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDCs). In vivo tests such as whole embryo culture (WEC) or embryonic stem cell tests (ESTs) have reported that EDCs (like phthalate) can dysregulate regular hormonal activity. The result was deficiencies in neuro-endocrine development, thyroid hormone dysregulation, impaired male reproductive health, and pre-term birth.[199] Due to replacing nickel ΙΙ with cofactor iron ΙΙ in iron (II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent Tet dioxygenases enzymes after nickel exposure, DNA hypermethylation was observed in some genes (GPT, MGMT, RAR-β2, RASSF1, and CDKN2A). This mechanism resulted in downregulation of these genes and negative effects on embryonic stem cells.[221]
Derivation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines from New Zealand donors
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2022
Jin Kyo Oh, Aneta Przepiorski, Hao-Han Chang, Rachel C. Dodd, Veronika Sander, Brie Sorrenson, Jen-Hsing Shih, Jennifer A. Hollywood, Janak R. de Zoysa, Peter R. Shepherd, Alan J. Davidson, Teresa M. Holm
We performed the Scorecard assay on undifferentiated MANZ-2-2 and MANZ-4-37 cells as well as on day 14 embryoid bodies (EBs) generated by spontaneous differentiation from either line. The report on individual gene expression changes showed that self-renewal markers in the iPSC samples were comparable to the reference set while downregulated in the EB samples. In contrast, germ layer-specific markers were downregulated in the iPSC samples, whereas those markers were generally upregulated in the EBs (Figure 3A). Comparing the algorithm scores (grey box & whisker plot, Figure 3B), the iPSC samples were positioned within the reference set for the self-renewal category, whereas the EB samples were below. For the germ layer categories, the EB samples were positioned above the reference set, whereas the iPSC samples positioned either within or below the reference set (Figure 3B). A tendency towards higher expression of mesoderm markers compared to ecto- and endoderm was evident for both MANZ lines. Overall, these results show that both iPSC lines matched the reference set regarding pluripotency and trilineage differentiation potential, thus passed the Scorecard assessment (Figure 3C).
Dental pulp stem cells in serum-free medium for regenerative medicine
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Dawn E. Coates, Mohammad Alansary, Lara Friedlander, Diogo G. Zanicotti, Warwick J. Duncan
MSCs derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth are referred to as SHEDs. DPSCs are found postnatally in both deciduous and permanent tooth pulp and along with SHEDs have the potential for clinical application. DPSCs reside within a stem-cell niche and were originally defined by Stro-1 positive staining of perivascular cells and nerve bundle associated cell clusters, in the mature dental pulp (Gronthos et al. 2000; Shi and Gronthos 2003). Evidence suggests that the tooth contains specialised neural crest derived stem cells, and that these cells have a high capacity for multi-lineage differentiation making them a convenient stem-cell source for complex tissue/organ regeneration (Achilleos and Trainor 2012). The ability of DPSCs to differentiate into the three germ-cell layers and with cell populations positive for Oct3/4 and SOX2, suggests that DPSCs are more embryonic-like than some other potential sources of MSCs (Atari et al. 2012; Alansary 2018). Shown here are DPSCs in Essential 8 serum-free medium which were differentiated into ectoderm with OTX positive immunostaining; to endoderm with SOX17 positive staining, and to mesoderm with Brachyury positive staining (Figure 1) (Alansary 2018). Neural crest derived cells are now often referred to as a fourth germ-cell layer, their ease of collection and differentiation capacity make them an attractive source of stem cells for regenerative medicine.