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Tissue Engineering in Reconstruction and Regeneration of Visceral Organs
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Soma Mondal Ghorai, Sudhanshu Mishra
Regeneration of even 10% kidney function in terminally ill patients with end-stage kidney disease can greatly improve the quality of life in such patients. Though the regeneration of functional kidney still remains a huge challenge, but some advances are being made in kidney regeneration using iPSC (Evan and Kaufman, 1981; Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006; Takahashi et al., 2007). The kidney is embryologically developed from a ureteric bud, which then follows precisely timed interactions between multiple signals to derive the intermediate mesoderm (IM) and metanephric mesenchyme (MM) (Blake and Rosenblum, 2014). Both IM and MM kidney-specific cells have been generated using nephron progenitor cells with growth factor such as the Wnt agonist CHIR99021 to promote mesoderm differentiation (Taguchi et al., 2014; Takasato et al., 2014; Xia et al., 2013; Mae et al., 2013; Gadue et al., 2006; Lam et al., 2014). Another protocol is developed to induce differentiation of IM cells from human iPSCs (hiPSCs)/hESCs using a combination of activin A and CHIR99021 to generate mesoderm followed by combined treatment with bone morphogenetic protein-7 and CHIR99021 (Mae et al., 2013; Gadue et al., 2006). It should be noted that developing the renal progenitor cells is important as only then it can allow a 3D construct from PSCs with a functional vascular system. Even, with many progresses in this field, a complete functional restructured kidney in in-vivo system has not been achieved.
Cellular Biology in Tissue Engineering
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
However, if the ICM is harvested from the blastocyst prior to the implantation stage, and cultured in appropriate laboratory conditions, these cells can continue to proliferate endlessly and retain their potential to differentiate into any cell in the body. The second type of pluripotent stem cells were identified when the ICM undergoes further cell division and forms two layers; the lower layer, which is called the hypoblast, will form the yolk sac and the upper layer of the ICM tissue will form the epiblast.1 Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are pluripotent stem cells that give raise to cells present in all of the three embryonic germ layers as follows: Ectoderm: This germ layer gives raise to brain, spinal cord, nerves, hair, skin, teeth, sensory cells of the eyes, nose, mouth and pigment cells.Mesoderm: This germ layer gives raise to muscles, blood, blood vessels, connective tissues, and the heart.Endoderm: This germ layer gives raise to the gut (pancreas, stomach, liver, and other associated organs of the gut), lungs, bladder, eggs, and sperm.
Articular Cartilage Development
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
The axial skeleton forms from mesenchymal cells derived from the paraxial mesoderm segmentation into somites (Christ and Wilting 1992). Examples of axial skeleton cartilages include rib, intervertebral disc, and facet joint cartilages. The craniofacial cartilage and bone are derived from neural crest cells of ectodermal origin (Noden 1983). The temporomandibular joint cartilages (i.e., disc, condyle, and fossa), along with auricular and nasal cartilages, are examples of craniofacial cartilages. The sequential development of cartilage described below appears to be similar in cartilages originating from the neural crest and from the lateral plate mesoderm (e.g., cartilage of the hip, knee, and ankle).
Epigenotoxicity: a danger to the future life
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Farzaneh Kefayati, Atoosa Karimi Babaahmadi, Taraneh Mousavi, Mahshid Hodjat, Mohammad Abdollahi
ESCs have a role in making the three main layers of the embryo (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) under the regulation of epigenetic factors. Phthalates- dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can function as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDCs). In vivo tests such as whole embryo culture (WEC) or embryonic stem cell tests (ESTs) have reported that EDCs (like phthalate) can dysregulate regular hormonal activity. The result was deficiencies in neuro-endocrine development, thyroid hormone dysregulation, impaired male reproductive health, and pre-term birth.[199] Due to replacing nickel ΙΙ with cofactor iron ΙΙ in iron (II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent Tet dioxygenases enzymes after nickel exposure, DNA hypermethylation was observed in some genes (GPT, MGMT, RAR-β2, RASSF1, and CDKN2A). This mechanism resulted in downregulation of these genes and negative effects on embryonic stem cells.[221]
Derivation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines from New Zealand donors
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2022
Jin Kyo Oh, Aneta Przepiorski, Hao-Han Chang, Rachel C. Dodd, Veronika Sander, Brie Sorrenson, Jen-Hsing Shih, Jennifer A. Hollywood, Janak R. de Zoysa, Peter R. Shepherd, Alan J. Davidson, Teresa M. Holm
We performed the Scorecard assay on undifferentiated MANZ-2-2 and MANZ-4-37 cells as well as on day 14 embryoid bodies (EBs) generated by spontaneous differentiation from either line. The report on individual gene expression changes showed that self-renewal markers in the iPSC samples were comparable to the reference set while downregulated in the EB samples. In contrast, germ layer-specific markers were downregulated in the iPSC samples, whereas those markers were generally upregulated in the EBs (Figure 3A). Comparing the algorithm scores (grey box & whisker plot, Figure 3B), the iPSC samples were positioned within the reference set for the self-renewal category, whereas the EB samples were below. For the germ layer categories, the EB samples were positioned above the reference set, whereas the iPSC samples positioned either within or below the reference set (Figure 3B). A tendency towards higher expression of mesoderm markers compared to ecto- and endoderm was evident for both MANZ lines. Overall, these results show that both iPSC lines matched the reference set regarding pluripotency and trilineage differentiation potential, thus passed the Scorecard assessment (Figure 3C).
Dental pulp stem cells in serum-free medium for regenerative medicine
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Dawn E. Coates, Mohammad Alansary, Lara Friedlander, Diogo G. Zanicotti, Warwick J. Duncan
MSCs derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth are referred to as SHEDs. DPSCs are found postnatally in both deciduous and permanent tooth pulp and along with SHEDs have the potential for clinical application. DPSCs reside within a stem-cell niche and were originally defined by Stro-1 positive staining of perivascular cells and nerve bundle associated cell clusters, in the mature dental pulp (Gronthos et al. 2000; Shi and Gronthos 2003). Evidence suggests that the tooth contains specialised neural crest derived stem cells, and that these cells have a high capacity for multi-lineage differentiation making them a convenient stem-cell source for complex tissue/organ regeneration (Achilleos and Trainor 2012). The ability of DPSCs to differentiate into the three germ-cell layers and with cell populations positive for Oct3/4 and SOX2, suggests that DPSCs are more embryonic-like than some other potential sources of MSCs (Atari et al. 2012; Alansary 2018). Shown here are DPSCs in Essential 8 serum-free medium which were differentiated into ectoderm with OTX positive immunostaining; to endoderm with SOX17 positive staining, and to mesoderm with Brachyury positive staining (Figure 1) (Alansary 2018). Neural crest derived cells are now often referred to as a fourth germ-cell layer, their ease of collection and differentiation capacity make them an attractive source of stem cells for regenerative medicine.