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Design Criteria for Drill Rigs
Published in C.P. Chugh, Ken Steele, V.M. Sharma, Design Criteria for Drill Rigs: Equipment and Drilling Techniques, 2020
C.P. Chugh, Ken Steele, V.M. Sharma
The size of the mud pump can be selected once the size of the drill pipe and hole are established. Figure 3.9 is based on the American SAE system and the international system. In the latter system, simply plug in the mud pump requirements in gallons per minute and multiply by the minimum uphole velocity 0.25 m/s. The calculations used are based on the US gallon which equals 3.782 litres. Actual uphole velocity can be calculated based on the two equations at the bottom of this Figure.
Fundamental concepts
Published in Bernard S. Massey, John Ward-Smith, Mechanics of Fluids, 2018
Bernard S. Massey, John Ward-Smith
In the measurement of fluids the name litre is commonly given to 10−3 m3. Both l and L are internationally accepted symbols for the litre. However, as the letter l is easily mistaken for 1 (one), the symbol L is now recommended and is used in this book.
Science terminology
Published in Andrew Livesey, Bicycle Engineering and Technology, 2020
A litre is defined as the volume of 1000 cubic centimetres—1000 cc. Water has a mass of 1 kg per litre at a temperature of 4°C. This is often referred to as density. Oil and other lubricants are lighter than water and have a density of about 0.9 kg per litre.
Investigation of mechanical and durability properties of concrete made with a mixture of waste foundry sand and domestic treated wastewater
Published in Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2023
Gholamreza Asadollahfardi, Mojtaba Tayebi Jebeli, Amir Abbasi Khalil, Hadi Shahir
On the other side, the construction industry is one of the major consumers of water which uses one-sixth of the world’s freshwater (Guggemos and Horvath 2005). Regardless of the other water usage in the construction industry, approximately 150 litres of water are required to make one cubic metre of concrete (Silva and Naik 2010). In 2019, more than 30 Gtons of concrete were produced, along with more than 3 billion tons of ordinary cement consumption (Levi et al. 2019). Assuming a water-to-cement ratio of 0.35 to 0.4 for producing ordinary concrete, about 1.3 to 1.5 billion tons of water is used annually for this amount of concrete (Kotwal 2015). Therefore, finding an alternative to drinking water in the concrete is one of the other challenges nowadays. The treated wastewater (TW) is used for different purposes such as urban consumption, agriculture, environment, industry, recreation, and developing drinking water resources. Some studies indicated that TW could be effectively replaced with drinking water in concrete (Asano and Cotruvo 2004).
Service differentiation as an improvement strategy for access to water in urban low-income areas: evidence from three Kenyan cities
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2022
Akosua Sarpong Boakye-Ansah, Klaas Schwartz, Margreet Zwarteveen
The main reason why consumers in Kisumu and Kericho spend so much of their income on water is that the price charged by the intermediary (kiosk operator or landlord) is relatively high. The WSPs supply water to the kiosks at a bulk rate of about Ksh35/cubic metre or Ksh0.7/20 litres. The WSPs then expect kiosk operators to charge customers between Ksh1.5 and 2.0 for a 20-litre container. However, in practice the kiosk operators sell water at prices fluctuating between Ksh2 and 5 per 20-litre container, with prices sometimes even going up to Ksh10 or 20 when operators deliver water to a consumer’s doorstep. Similarly, water from yard taps in these LIAs is billed by the WSPs at the domestic tariff of 0.06/litre, or Ksh1.2/20 litres. However, it is sold by the landlords for prices between Ksh2 and 5 per 20-litre container.
Improvement of oxygen transfer by increasing contact area between gas and liquid using air–water interface generator
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Passaworn Warunyuwong, Tsuyoshi Imai
The experiment was divided into two parts. First is the investigation for the effect of the apparatus on individual oxygen transfer paths. Second is the investigation for the optimal arrangement of the apparatus varied by the number and the position of the apparatus. The example of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 3. In general, the experiments were carried out in a 30 cm width × 90 cm length × 55 cm depth water tank (1) at a volume of 100 litres (L) of tap water (water density; kilograms per cubic metre (kg m−3)). The air stone type diffuser (2), which can produce air bubbles with a diameter of approximately 3–4 millimetres (mm), was located at the bottom of the tank. An air compressor (3) supplied the gas phase (gas density; , and oxygen content; Ow 0.232) with an adjustable flow rate by a rotameter (4). The set of the apparatus (5) was installed above the diffuser. A DO metre with a response time of 30 s (s) (Hobira OM-51) (6) was used for measuring DO concentration and water temperature, and its probe (7) was placed in the middle of the water depth.