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Imaging in oncology
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
For some tumours, especially lymphomas, histological classification and prognostic factors are more important than anatomical extent in planning therapy. With the exception of lymphomas and brain tumours, anatomical extent of most solid tumours is categorized according to the TNM system. The TNM system is published and updated by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the International Union Against Cancer (UICC). Under the TNM classification system, features of local tumour growth plus pattern of tumour metastasis are categorized as follows:‘T’ = primary tumour and local extent‘N’ = regional lymph nodes‘M’ = distant metastases.
Metal-Based Nanoparticles and the Immune System: Activation, Inflammation, and Potential Applications
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
Yueh-Hsia Luo, Louis W. Chang, Pinpin Lin
Lymphoma is a type of cancer immune cell occurring in B or T lymphocytes which divide faster than normal cells or live longer than they are supposed to. It was reported that engineering nanoparticles have the potential to develop a nontoxic new treatment for lymphoma and other cancers which does not involve chemotherapy [112]. Yang et al. used gold nanoparticle combined with synthetic HDL (high-density lipoprotein) to trick B cell lymphoma, which prefers to eat HDL cholesterol. Once the B cell lymphoma cells start engulfing the gold nanoparticles (or artificial HDL particles), they get plugged up and can no longer feed on any more cholesterol. Deprived of B cell lymphoma’s favorite food, the lymphoma cells essentially starve to death. The common treatments of lymphoma are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or bone marrow transplantation. However, chemotherapy has strong side effects, even leading to possible long-term consequences such as infertility, second cancer risks, and lung damage. Promising and effective nanoparticle drugs may prevent the occurrence of these side effects. While designing novel nanodrugs for cancer therapy, we should consider their molecular mechanisms; for example, Ag nanoparticles have been reported to have antiangiogenic ability [113]. Therefore, Ag nanoparticles are one of the attractive and potential approaches to develop an antitumor effect. Sriram et al. also demonstrated the antitumor activity of silver nanoparticles in Dalton’s lymphoma ascites in a tumor model both in vitro and in vivo by the activation of the caspase-3 enzyme [114]. Moreover, nanodrugs are mainly developed according to their ability to distinguish between malignant and nonmalignant cells, making them a promising alternative to existing drugs. The targeting efficiency of nanoparticles can be accomplished by combining them with the RGD peptide [115] or an antibody against specific tumor markers [116]. In a nutshell, nanoparticles may provide a new way to kill lymphoma without chemotherapy.
Miscellaneous procedures
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
As previously described, PET–CT is of particular value when staging FDG-avid lymphomas. There are 61 different types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (formerly referred to as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) and six types of Hodgkin lymphoma. There are also lymphoma types considered ‘indolent’, meaning slow growing [46].
Accurate demarcation of a biased nucleus from H&E-stained follicular lymphoma tissues samples
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
Cancer is a collection of diseases that can invade and spread to different body parts and is defined by abnormal cell proliferation. It is a fatal illness that affects people all across the world, not just in India. Only in the United States, it was predicted that there would be 6,09,360 cancer fatalities and 19,18,030 new cases of cancer (including all varieties) in 2022 [1]. Across all sites, men have a 40% higher cancer death rate and a 20% higher cancer incidence rate than women [1]. Lymphomas are white blood cell cancer that starts in infecting-fighting cells of the immune system, known as lymphocytes. These lymphomas can be divided mostly into two groups. Hodgkins lymphoma (HL), which verifies the existence of Reed-Sternberg cells, comes first (giant cells found with light microscopy). Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL), which excludes Reed-Sternberg cells, is a different classification. Since it is hard to study and examine every type of cancer under one heading, this study focuses on a subtype of non-Hodgkins lymphoma named follicular lymphoma (FL).
A new 3D zinc (II)-coordination polymer: treatment activity on lymphoma combined with doxorubicin via regulating apoptotic genes expression
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Xin-Sheng Han, Ting Li, Xing-An Zhang, Jun Lu
Lymphoma is a malignant tumor originating from lymphoid tissue and lymphocyte immune system. The incidence of lymphoma is increasing in the past years, and 1.8 out of every 100,000 people in China suffer from lymphoma every year.[1] The etiology of lymphoma is not yet clear, and which may be related to the following factors. Physical factors, such as the effects of radiation, nuclides, etc.; chemical factors, such as benzene, organic solvents, formaldehyde, and other harmful chemicals will increase the incidence of lymphoma; patients may have secondary tumors after chemotherapy, resulting in the increasing of the proportion of lymphoma.[2,3]p53 and bcl-2 play important role in the cell apoptosis. The activation of the p53 and bcl-2 could induce cancer cells apoptosis and finally cause cell death.[4] Thus, developing new compounds targeting the p53 and bcl-2 expression, inducing cancer cell apoptosis may be a new strategy for the lymphoma.
Evaluation of statistical and Haralick texture features for lymphoma histological images classification
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2021
Thaína A. Azevedo Tosta, Paulo R. de Faria, Leandro A. Neves, Marcelo Z. do Nascimento
Lymphoma diagnosis is performed through microscopic analysis of histological samples (Orlov et al. 2010). These samples are prepared by different steps, as the sectioning, staining, and digitisation. These steps can lead to variation of appearance of the lymphoma tissues, making the diagnoses harder (Khan et al. 2014; Li and Plataniotis 2015). For the different histological structures can be identified, the haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stain is commonly used. The haematoxylin dye stains acid regions in purple shades, like cell nuclei, and basics regions are stained in pink by the eosin (Bilgin et al. 2012). The digitisation of these samples generates the so-called histological images, that allow the application of image processing techniques to aid in diagnoses.