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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. The drugs work by killing cancer cells or interfering with tumor growth. Chemotherapy is usually considered one of the most effective cancer treatment methods; however, this type of therapy can induce severe side effects, as it can also destroy healthy cells. The adverse effects depend upon the type of cancer and the type of drugs used to treat it. Generally, the side effects are not associated with the treatment effectiveness, and once the treatment process is over, the side effects may stop. Normally, chemotherapy agents are prescribed to a patient in measured dosages and in specific intervals of time. Sometimes a combination chemotherapy is used, during which two or more drug agents are used at the same time [114].
Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Use of anti-cancer drugs – chemotherapeutic agents began way back in 1940s, prior to which the only modality for treatment was surgical removal of the cancerous tissue. Initial drugs were the nitrogen mustards – a powerful alkylating agent, sulfur mustard gas, and later, a second class of cancer chemotherapeutics – antimetabolites (Gilman and Philips 1946; Gilman 1963). With the advancement of these initial drugs, there was a development of other antimetabolites that target DNA replication and other biological cellular targets that are necessary for cell division. Chemotherapy drugs mainly produce reactive oxygen species, which lead to genotoxicity and thus destruction of tumour cell (Teppo et al. 2017). However, chemotherapy cannot discriminate between ordinary cells and tumour cells, which results in side effects such as fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and vomiting, or even death in extreme cases (Abbas and Rehman 2018).
Chemoprotective and Immunomodulating Effects of Ferulic Acid on Cisplatin Chemotherapy in Dalton’s Lymphoma Xenografted Mice
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Giftson J. Senapathy, R. Krishnamurthy, Heidi Abrahamse, P. Umadevi, S. Murugan
Scientific investigations into the treatment of cancer are increasingly anomalous with the aim of controlling the disease or increasing the life span of the affected individuals. Chemotherapy is a common treatment for cancer usually used when surgery or radiotherapy is not effective. The drugs used in chemotherapy are chemically designed to target cells which are dividing and growing rapidly. Besides targeting abnormally proliferating cancer cells, they also affect normal cells. Thus, chemotherapy is still a major challenge to the cancer patients because the highly potent drugs employed in therapy can be toxic and less than 1% of the injected drug molecules can reach their target cells, whereas the rest may damage healthy cells and tissue especially bone marrow, epithelial tissues, reticuloendothelial system, and gonads (Kathiriya et al. 2010). The adverse effect of this therapy is the suppression of the immune system (Devasagayam and Sainis 2002).
Covalent triazine-based monolayer with dual application in sensing and delivery of mercaptopurine anticancer drug: a periodic DFT study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Rezvan Rahimi, Mohammad Solimannejad
Many drugs, including mercaptopurine (MP) drugs, have been used to treat cancer, which has different effects on patients depending on the type and progress of cancer. Mercaptopurine is a drug used to therapy drastic myeloid leukemia and terrible lymphoblastic leukemia. In cancers such as leukemia, specific cells in the body grow and multiply rapidly. Anticancer drugs such as mercaptopurine prevent the growth and proliferation of these cells. These drugs do this by affecting the genetic material inside the cells. This drug is one of the types of chemotherapy drugs, and it works by reducing or stopping the growth of cancer cells. Nucleobase structural analogs, such as MP, fluorouracil (FU), and thioguanine (TG), are anticancerous drugs. The MP, FU, and TG are uracil, adenine, and guanine analogs [56–58].
Utilization of Morchella esculenta-mediated green synthesis golden nanoparticles in biomedicine applications
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and hormone therapy used in cancer treatment cause significant side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and hair loss.[2] Thus, alternative methods are required for long-term treatments AuNPs are a novel agent in cancer therapy and exhibit aggregation and size-dependent cytotoxic activity against different cancer cells depending on the dose of the nanoparticles.[43–45] Furthermore, the use of AuNPs significantly reduces the risk of side effects and limits damage to healthy cells.[46]. No studies investigating the cytotoxic effects of ME-AuNPs against the A549 and HepG2 cell lines were found in the literature. Furthermore, studies evaluating the anticancer activities of AuNPs using fungal extracts are quite limited.[27] The cytotoxic effects of ME-AuNPs against the A549 cell line are shown in Table 3. As can be seen, the highest inhibition (99,502%) was detected at a concentration of 5 g/mL, while the lowest inhibition (0.641%) was obtained at a concentration of 0.078 g/mL. The IC50 value of the ME-AuNPs against the A549 cells was 0.548 g/mL. The cytotoxic effects of the ME-AuNPs against the HepG2 cell line are shown in Table 4. As can be seen, the highest inhibition (84, 153%) was detected at a concentration of 20 g/mL, while the lowest inhibition (8,408%) was obtained at a concentration of 1.25 g/mL. The IC50 value of the ME-AuNPs against the HepG2 cells was 11,672 g/mL.
Statistical modelling for cancer mortality
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2019
Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with one or more cytotoxic anti-neoplastic drugs through some protocol. Chemotherapy also affects cells that divide rapidly under normal circumstances: cells in the bone marrow, digestive tract and hair follicles. Targeted therapy is also a form of chemotherapy that targets specific molecular differences between cancer and normal cells. The efficacy of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The combination of chemotherapy and surgery is useful in different types of cancer (including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer and certain lung cancers). Besides it is curative for some cancers, such as some leukaemia (a cancer caused by an overproduction of damaged white blood cells). The effectiveness of chemotherapy is frequently limited by its toxicity to other tissues in the body. Even when chemotherapy does not provide a permanent cure, it may be helpful to reduce symptoms such as pain or to reduce the size of an incurable tumour in the hope that surgery will become possible in future.