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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Radiation therapy (RT) is a method of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to destroy cancer cells. This treatment is typically used in conjunction with surgical methods to remove tumors or reduce their sizes. One of the adverse effects of RT is that it can damage normal cells due to the ionizing radiations used [112]. Most types of cancers are treated by RT, such as cancers of the breast, cervix, liver, larynx, lung, brain, prostate, stomach, skin, etc. Sometimes RT can also be used for the treatment of lymphoma and leukemia [113]. Specialized equipment is used to deliver calculated radiation doses to the cancer cells. The radiation dose chosen depends upon several factors, such as the type and location of the tumor, age of the person, and possible side effects on the target or nearby tissues. The RT kills cancer cells by destroying their DNA. The DNA damage happens either directly or indirectly by creating intracellular free radicals that will, in turn, destroy the DNA [108].
Regulatory Aspects of Herbal Nanoformulations
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Lavanya Mude, Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy, Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri, R. Arun, Nandha Kumar, Muhammad Thanzim
Cancer is a devasting disease and a foremost cause of death worldwide. The risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) is identified in people above 50 years of age. Generally, CRC begins as a polyp localized in the proximal colon, rectum and distal colon. The polyp continues to invade nearby tissues through the lymph and circulatory systems. Cancer treatments include radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery, which in turn are associated with severe side effects. To overcome these challenges, herbal medicines such as curcumin, RSV, lycopene, gingerol and folate have gained attention as an alternative treatment. CUR possesses anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties. However, CUR has some drawbacks such as faster elimination from the body, low water solubility and poor absorption. Therefore, CUR nanoformulations were developed, such as nanogels, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, etc. In CRC, CUR nanoformulations promote apoptosis by up-regulating the p53 suppressor gene, which leads to cell death (15).
Hyperthermia therapy
Published in Riadh Habash, BioElectroMagnetics, 2020
The discovery of ionizing radiation in 1895 by German physicist Wilhelm C. Röntgen (1845–1923) led to the use of X-ray to treat cancer. That marks the beginning of radiation therapy, also known as radiotherapy, as a cancer treatment modality. However, it was determined later that radiation could cause cancer as well as cure it. Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of ionizing radiation to damage the genetic material of cancerous tissue leading to cellular death. Ultimately radiation resulted in the development of conformal radiation therapy (CRT), which uses computerized tomography (CT) images to determine the location of cancerous tumors in three dimensions.
Utilization of Morchella esculenta-mediated green synthesis golden nanoparticles in biomedicine applications
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and hormone therapy used in cancer treatment cause significant side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and hair loss.[2] Thus, alternative methods are required for long-term treatments AuNPs are a novel agent in cancer therapy and exhibit aggregation and size-dependent cytotoxic activity against different cancer cells depending on the dose of the nanoparticles.[43–45] Furthermore, the use of AuNPs significantly reduces the risk of side effects and limits damage to healthy cells.[46]. No studies investigating the cytotoxic effects of ME-AuNPs against the A549 and HepG2 cell lines were found in the literature. Furthermore, studies evaluating the anticancer activities of AuNPs using fungal extracts are quite limited.[27] The cytotoxic effects of ME-AuNPs against the A549 cell line are shown in Table 3. As can be seen, the highest inhibition (99,502%) was detected at a concentration of 5 g/mL, while the lowest inhibition (0.641%) was obtained at a concentration of 0.078 g/mL. The IC50 value of the ME-AuNPs against the A549 cells was 0.548 g/mL. The cytotoxic effects of the ME-AuNPs against the HepG2 cell line are shown in Table 4. As can be seen, the highest inhibition (84, 153%) was detected at a concentration of 20 g/mL, while the lowest inhibition (8,408%) was obtained at a concentration of 1.25 g/mL. The IC50 value of the ME-AuNPs against the HepG2 cells was 11,672 g/mL.
Physical study of proton therapy at CANAM laboratory on medulloblastoma cell lines DAOY
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2020
L. Torrisi, M. Davidkova, V. Havranek, M. Cutroneo, A. Torrisi
The biological effectiveness of radiation depends on the linear energy transfer (LET), total absorbed dose, dose-rate, number of fractions and radio-sensitivity of the targeted cells or tissues. Radiation can either directly or indirectly, by the accelerated electrons produced photons and consequent radical formation, damages the genome of the cell. Low LET radiations (X-rays, gamma rays and beta particles) deposit a relatively small quantity of energy. Energetic particles, such as protons and other charged ions or neutrons, may deposit more energy on the targeted and cause more biological effects than the low LET radiations. The major effects of ionizing radiation on tissues are the direct cell killing mostly by damaging the DNA, resulting in the depopulation of cell number and subsequent functional deficiency. The ionizing radiation applied in the cancer treatment induces a complex response in the cells; some processes aim to repair the radiation-induced damage of the normal cells, whereas others induce cancer cell death.
In vitro chemo-protective effect of Eisenia foetida coelomic fluid against histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced oxidative toxicity in breast cancer cells
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Asuman Deveci Özkan, Janiah Alimudin, Yasemin Kilciler, Burcu Yuksel, Ozlem Aksoy, Zeynep Betts
While 5–10% of cancer formation is caused by genetic reasons, 90–95% of tumour pathogenesis occurs due to environmental factors, alcohol/cigarette consumption, obesity, malnutrition, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy lifestyles such as high body mass index. (Schwingshackl et al. 2017; Seiler et al. 2018). It is important to determine cancer risk factors and treatment strategies to prevent cancer (Momenimovahed and Salehiniya 2019; Ozkan and Yuksel 2022). Modern medicine today focuses on natural nutrition for cancer prevention and treatment to alleviate cancer problems (Ezzati et al. 2020). Dietary elements exert anticancer properties by coping with tumour cells through proliferation modulation, including apoptosis and angiogenesis pathways (Wang et al. 2016). Breast cancer, one of the main causes of death due to the diversity of factors such as lifestyle, genetic factors and environment, is one of the malignant tumours that has been increasing among women in recent years. Breast cancer pathogenesis is a long process. Dietary habits and quality of life act as risk modifiers of carcinogenesis in cancer initiation and progression (Theodoratou et al. 2017). Unfortunately, drugs used in cancer treatment can often cause serious side effects. The chemotherapeutic drugs used during its treatment are known side effects such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, muscle pain, alopecia and neurological disorders (Bray et al. 2018; Waks and Winer 2019). Researchers have stated that it is important to develop new drugs from natural products to minimise tissue toxicity caused by drugs used in cancer treatment to maintain the therapeutic effect (Rizwan et al. 2019; Yuksel and Ozkan 2021). Given the frequency and severity of breast cancer, natural therapeutic targets with fewer side effects are needed to treat the disease.