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Delivery of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Using Nanoparticles
Published in Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib, Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Abdullah Shaito, Houssein Hajj Hassan
Currently, immunotherapy is one of the most promising cancer treatments [2] and the development of new immunotherapies has become a necessity [3, 4]. In recent years, immunotherapy has become widespread and has been used to treat both hematological and solid cancers [2]. Immunotherapy is a biological therapy that involves activation of the immune system to target and kill cancer cells through different approaches. Promising immunotherapy approaches include adoptive cell transfer, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), treatment vaccines, cytokine treatment using interferons and interleukins, Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG), which is a weakened bacterium used in the treatment of bladder cancer, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Chimeric antigen receptor therapy also known as CAR T-cell therapy has stood out as a clinically effective type of adoptive cell transfer therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, in particular, have shown potential in the treatment of several cancers and have been FDA approved for the treatment of melanoma (recurrent and/or metastatic), non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), genitourinary cancers (GUCs), head and neck cancers (HNCs), renal cell carcinomas, urothelial carcinomas, non-Hodgkin lymphomas and other cancers [5].
Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Immunotherapy is a cancer treatment method that acts by boosting the immune system’s ability to fight cancer. This cancer therapy works by stimulating the body’s own disease-fighting mechanisms. A large number of studies have been conducted to treat different types of cancer by immunotherapy. For instance, researchers have used monoclonal antibodies that inhibit the function of specific proteins by binding to tumor cells, which, in turn, train the body’s immune system to identify and attack cancer cells. No major side effects have been reported with immunotherapy. Despite the success of immunotherapy, it only works in certain types of cancers and in less number of cancer patients respond to immunotherapy [116].
Biomechanics of Cancer
Published in Adil Al-Mayah, Biomechanics of Soft Tissues, 2018
Homeyra Pourmohammadali, Mohammad Kohandel, Sivabal Sivaloganathan
The selection of appropriate therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer is primarily determined by the type and stage of the cancer. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy represent the standard classical treatment modalities; however, in recent years, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, stem cell transplant, and precision medicine have emerged as novel powerful therapeutic strategies (Emens et al., 2017; Hard et al., 2017). Tumors can be partially or fully resected from a patient’s body through surgery; the size and bulk of tumors are often reduced through radiation therapy or chemotherapy prior to surgery (neoadjuvant radio/chemotherapies), or any remaining cancer cells are eradicated through radiation/chemotherapy postsurgery (adjuvant radio/chemotherapies). Of the newer approaches, immunotherapy holds much promise, because it primes the immune system of patients themselves to attack and eradicate the cancer. The alterations in the growth and differentiation of cancer cells can be monitored in this type of targeted therapy. Some types of cancers, such as breast and prostate cancers can be controlled by hormone therapy. Another approach for patients who have lost hematopoietic stem cells through radiation and chemotherapies is to have these replenished through stem cell transplant. If the genetic basis of a cancer is known, precision medicine can be used to deliver targeted treatment. Mechanotherapy is a novel optional treatment for tumors that are smaller and more on the surface tissue (Lee and Lim, 2007). Indeed, combination therapies of many of the above-mentioned therapies are often administered depending on the type of cancer and its stage and aggressivity.
Modelling combined virotherapy and immunotherapy: strengthening the antitumour immune response mediated by IL-12 and GM-CSF expression
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2018
Adrianne L. Jenner, Chae-Ok Yun, Arum Yoon, Adelle C. F. Coster, Peter S. Kim
Immunotherapy has become a promising new frontier in cancer treatment. Combined with oncolytic virotherapy, these two fields could hold the key to a curative treatment; however, there is still a long way to go before their complex nature is completely understood. The mathematical model presented in this article presents a simple yet elegant dissection of the virus-tumour-immune interaction for the interaction of an oncolytic adenovirus co-expressing IL-12 and GM-CSF and a population of tumour cells. While specifically derived for the experiments of Choi et al., we suggest that our model could be used for future combined oncolytic virotherapy and immunotherapy experiments. We have illustrated the effectiveness of a hierarchical optimization algorithm in obtaining parameter estimates and replicating and embodying experimental data in the model.
Tumor growth suppression by implantation of an anti-CD25 antibody-immobilized material near the tumor via regulatory T cell capture
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2021
Tsuyoshi Kimura, Rino Tokunaga, Yoshihide Hashimoto, Naoko Nakamura, Akio Kishida
Cancer treatment can be classified into surgical treatment, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Cancer immunotherapy is a method for treating cancer using the immune system. To date, various cancer immunotherapies have been proposed, including vaccine therapy using autologous cancer vaccines [1], dendritic cell vaccines [2], and adoptive immunotherapy using natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells [3]. Among these approaches, cancer immunotherapy related to regulatory T cells (Tregs) has recently become a major research focus. Tregs, i.e., CD4-, CD25-, and FoxP3-positive T cells, are key players in immune suppression [4] and function by controlling the activation of antigen-presenting cells via cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 and immunosuppressive cytokines (e.g., interleukin-10). In addition, Tregs play roles in suppressing the attack of T cells and other immune cells by modulating the production of transforming growth factor-β [5]. Furthermore, in the tumor microenvironment, which is formed by various components, including cancer cells, immune cells, and the extracellular matrix, Treg accumulation is induced by secretion of the chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 22 (CCL22) from cancer cells and tumor-infiltrating macrophages, resulting in an antitumor immune response [6,7]. Several treatments that inhibit immunosuppressive signal transduction by immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-CTLA-4 and anti-programmed death-1 antibodies) and depletion of Tregs by administration of anti-C-C motif chemokine receptor 4 antibodies have been proposed as Treg-related cancer immunotherapies [8,9]. The development of selective Treg removal methods is also proposed [10,11]. Although the efficacies of these treatments have been demonstrated, treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce serious side effects owing to activation of T cells [12]. In addition, because Tregs are strongly related to autoimmunity, Treg-removing treatments may cause systemic autoimmune diseases. Therefore, the development of a method for local Treg removal at the tumor is essential.