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Nanobubbles: State of the Art, Features, and the Future
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Monica Argenziano, Federica Bessone, Roberta Cavalli
A cancer immunotherapeutic agent works as a stimulant or modulator of the body immune system to fight against or kill cancers [62]. Cancer vaccination offers distinct advantages over standard therapies such as higher specificity, lower toxicity, and long-term effects due to immunologic memory. Nanotechnology provides great prospects for making immune therapy more efficient. Dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccines have emerged as a potent therapeutic strategy. Indeed, in order to correctly expand the immune response against tumor, a vaccine needs to effectively reach the dendritic cells (DCs), which play a critical role in inducing a proper immune activation [63]. Nanoparticle-vaccine might allow to increase antigen delivery to DC and presents non-immunogenic nature and sustain antigen releasing ability. Through decoration of nanoparticle surface with specific antibodies it is possible to convey NBs to DCs, promoting tumor antigen delivery. The liposome-based DC vaccine, DepoVax™ (DPX-0907) is currently studying in phase I clinical trials for breast, ovarian, prostate cancer [64].
Terpenoids: The Biological Key Molecules
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Moumita Majumdar, Dijendra Nath Roy
The consequential signalling cascade of dendritic cells (DC) plays a principal role in the regulation of immune responses of the host. Massive drug resistance in lethal diseases has led to the discovery of an alternative method for irradiation. Among them, one of the most well-known approaches is alternation of DC signalling. The triterpenoid methyl antcinate K (me-AntK), extracted from the fungus Antrodia cinnamomea, has been found to have an augmenting effect on the expression of MHC class II, CD86 and reducing effects on endocytosis. The progression of maturation of DCs leads to the activation of JNK and ERK signalling. The secretion of TNFα, MCP-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) after treatment with me-AntK from mouse bone marrow–derived DCs, in addition to the proliferation of T cells and Th2 differentiation, suggested that me-AntK was the first natural terpenoid to induce Th2 responses in DCs. These findings lead to the hypothesis of the potential of me-AntK as a promoting factor of DC in modification in the field of applied immunology (Yu et al. 2009).
Magnetic Delivery of Cell-Based Therapies
Published in Jon Dobson, Carlos Rinaldi, Nanomagnetic Actuation in Biomedicine, 2018
Boris Polyak, Richard Sensenig
Cell-based therapy is one of the promising and rapidly growing fields of translational medicine. It stands at the interface of a variety of dynamically developing disciplines, including biomaterials, transplantation, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and stem cell biology. Cell-based therapeutics hold great promise for treating both genetic and acquired diseases. Initially, cell-based therapeutics have been used for blood transfusions and bone marrow transplantations.1,2 However, recent advances in cell and molecular biology have expanded the potential applications of this approach. Cells are currently used as substitutes for diseased or damaged cells and tissues (cell replacement therapy3), components in the reconstruction of regenerated tissues (tissue engineering4), and drug delivery vehicles.5 The use of dendritic cells as cell vaccines is also an emerging immunotherapeutic modality. Dendritic cells can be equipped with antigens and thus can act as cell-based vaccines to prevent tumor relapse.6,7
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
Chemicals trigger skin immune response by producing tissue damage and cellular stress, which release molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proteins involved in the activation of the immune cells (Zabrodsky 2019). This process may result in activating dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, which influence the immune response through release of cytokines and antibody production, respectively. The immune responses triggered by chemicals might indicate an increased incidence of immune-related skin disorders, including inflammation, allergic diseases and autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms underlying various immunopathologies seem limitless, and more studies are warranted to understand the complexities of the biological system and elucidate the influences of genetics and the environment (Lee and Lawrence 2018).
Updates in immunocompatibility of biomaterials: applications for regenerative medicine
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Mahdi Rezaei, Farideh Davani, Mohsen Alishahi, Fatemeh Masjedi
The immunomodulation can be achieved by loading cells, growth factors, and anti-inflammatory agents and releasing them at the body site. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the type of cells with low immunogenicity that their incorporation into the biomaterial matrix can result in the secretion of the immunoregulatory factors and a way to immunomodulation [69]. Dendritic cells are also the immune cells that prime immune responses by collecting information and conveying that information to T-cells. Therefore, incorporating the engineered dendritic cells with proper information is suitable for cancer treatment [70].