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Pulmonary Changes Induced by the Administration of Carbon Monoxide and Other Compounds In Smoke
Published in David G. Penney, Carbon Monoxide, 2019
Daniel L. Traber, Darien W. Bradford
NO2 is a reddish-brown gas with a sweet odor and limited solubility. It is produced by fixation of atmospheric nitrogen during high-temperature combustion (Sheppard, 1989). Outside, it is produced by large fuel-burning point sources and motor vehicles. Indoors, it is produced by gas stoves and space heaters. It is used in the manufacture of explosives and in the chemical, welding, and cleaning industries. The acute injury commonly becomes evident 5 to 72 h later (Gosselin et al., 1976). Symptoms begin with cough, dyspnea, fever, and peripheral blood leukocytosis. NO2 reacts slowly with water to form HNO2 and HNO3. These acids reach their maximal concentrations in the distal airways and are thought to be the principal mediators of injury (Parkes, 1982). NO2 can cause direct injury to the airway, and alveolar cells with higher concentrations (50 ppm) than normally encountered in the atmosphere (Davies, 1986; Schwartz, 1987; Terrill et al., 1978). Pathological examination revealed extensive damage to the respiratory epithelium and hemorrhagic pulmonary edema (Parkes, 1982). NO2 has been known to react with blood to form methemoglobin, which is thought to have a minor role in fatal NO2 exposures (Schwartz, 1987).
Hypersensitivity pneumonia associated with metallic straw of mate (chimarrão): A case report
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Liana Ferreira Corrêa, Alice Martins Machado, Leandro Genehr Fritscher, Thiago Krieger Bento da Silva, Sabrina Rocha Machado
A 61-year-old male nonsmoker patient sought treatment for sudden symptoms of dry cough, chest pain and severe dyspnea. On arrival at the emergency department, he presented hypoxemia (86% oxygen saturation), tachypnea and bilateral crackles at the base of the lungs. He referred similar but milder episodes the year before. He denied exposure to birds, mold or chemical agents. Blood tests revealed mild leukocytosis; other blood tests were normal. Chest X-ray showed extensive infiltrative opacities with predominance in the medullary regions, accompanied by peribroncovascular interstitial infiltration. Chest tomography showed ground-glass opacities of predominantly medullary distribution in the pulmonary parenchyma associated with thickening of the bronchial walls (Figure 1A and 1B). He was managed with oxygen and antibiotic therapy since a respiratory infection by atypical germ was suspected, with rapid improvement of symptoms. Within 48 hours he had already shown clinical improvement with significant cough reduction, resolution of hypoxemia and complete resolution of bilateral opacities in control chest X-Ray. He had not received treatment with corticosteroids or antivirals at any time.
Prognostic value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in the diagnosis of neurotoxicity after glufosinate ammonium poisoning
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Joochan Kim, Byeong Jo Chun, Jeong Mi Moon, Yongsoo Cho
Exposure to pesticides might result in a general inflammatory response due to oxidative stress (Hernandez et al. 2013). Leukocytosis occurs as a result of inflammation. When the differential count of leukocytes is performed during the acute inflammatory response related to oxidative stress, a rise in neutrophil count and decline in lymphocyte count is observed (Zahorec 2001). Therefore, the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a rapid and simple parameter indicative of systemic inflammation and was found to be a prognostic marker in various clinical conditions, including, COVID-19, sepsis, cardiac disorders, stroke, and cancer (Chen et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2020, 2019; Tokgoz et al. 2013). In addition, previous investigators demonstrated that NLR might also be used as a prognostic factor in pesticides poisoning (Moses and Peter 2010; Ramazan Amanvermez et al. 2010; Yang et al. 2002; Yurumez et al. 2007). Thus, the aim of this study was to examine whether NLR might predict development of neurotoxicity in patients admitted to the ED following glufosinate ammonium poisoning.
Deep learning for few-shot white blood cell image classification and feature learning
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Blood cells, including red blood cells (RBCs), platelets and white blood cells (WBCs, leukocytes), are essential elements of human blood. WBCs are bigger than RBCs, and platelets with sizes varying from 10 to 30 . In addition, different from RBCs and platelets, WBCs contain nuclei. As a part of the body’s immune system, WBCs play a significant role in fighting germs, bacteria, virus and other diseases (Desai et al. 2010; Racker 2012). The number of WBCs in the blood is widely used as an indicator for pathological conditions, such as infection, inflammation, allergies, leukaemia and leukocytosis (Romero et al. 1993; Brown et al. 2001; Vozarova et al. 2002; Shankar et al. 2006). WBCs can be further categorised into five major groups: namely neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes, based on their specific functions. Neutrophils, the most abundant type of WBCs, attack mainly bacteria and fungus, whereas eosinophils fight with larger parasites, such as worms (Weller et al. 1991; Borregaard 2010). Eosinophils are also responsible for modulating allergic inflammatory responses (Sampson 2000). Monocytes, which are released from bone marrow to blood circulation and later migrate to tissues, function like scavengers to remove diseased or aged RBCs as well as dead cell debris (Johnston 1988; Geissmann et al. 2010). Lymphocytes, residing mostly in the lymphatic system, are composed of B cells and T cells. While B cells create and secret antibodies to activate the immune system and hence destroy the invaders like bacteria and viruses, T cells can directly attack the foreign invaders (Abbas et al. 1996; Raposo et al. 1996). Accurate differential counts of white blood cells is essential for physicians to provide an accurate disease diagnosis as some WBC disorders, such as lymphocytic leukocytosis and neutrophilic leukocytosis, involve only one type of WBCs (Boxer et al. 1975; Jagels and Hugli 1994; Abramson and Melton 2000; Martin et al. 2017). In clinical practice, different types of WBCs are distinguished based on multiple factors, including the size and shape of the nucleus, the colour of the cytoplasmic staining, and percentage ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm (Tai et al. 2011).