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Multi-Feature-Based Classification of Osteoarthritis in Knee Joint X-Ray Images
Published in K.C. Santosh, Sameer Antani, D.S. Guru, Nilanjan Dey, Medical Imaging, 2019
Ravindra S. Hegadi, Dattatray N. Navale, Trupti D. Pawar, Darshan D. Ruikar
The visual analysis of radiograph images has mostly followed the methodology in assessing the OA grade. Among different available radiography methods, MRI is the most useful since it provides a way to assess the cartilage part of the knee, which plays a vital role in grading knee OA. It also provides information on structural damage to the cartilage. However, MRI is an expensive procedure and will not be commonly available, specifically in rural and semi-urban locations. A cost-effective and readily available alternative radiographic technique to MRI is X-ray. In this chapter, different methods are proposed for the classification of a knee joint as normal or abnormal (i.e. affected with OA). The images are preprocessed using different preprocessing techniques and curvature, and texture features are extracted. Multiple classifiers are used to classify the images and results are compared.
Human–Machine Force Interactive Interface and Exoskeleton Robot Techniques Based on Biomechanical Model of Skeletal Muscle
Published in Yuehong Yin, Biomechanical Principles on Force Generation and Control of Skeletal Muscle and their Applications in Robotic Exoskeleton, 2020
Knee joint: Knee joint is the largest joint in human body, and it consists of two joint structures, i.e., tibial articular and patellar. Knee joint suffers from heavy load and is located between the longest bones, i.e., femur and tibia, in the human body. It can move in three planes in the tibial articular, where the largest range of movement is in the sagittal plane. From fully extended to fully flexed, the range of motion in sagittal plane is 0°–140°. Thigh muscle group, which is one of the largest muscle groups in human body, is the source of driving force. It includes the quadriceps, sartorius (SR), semitendinosus (ST), semimembranosus (SM), biceps femoris (BF), adductor magnus, gracilis, toe muscle, short adductor muscle, etc.
Effects of Environmental Conditions on Competitive Swimming Performance
Published in Youlian Hong, Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise, 2013
Joshua Guggenheimer, Kasey Young, Dennis Caine
Knee injuries account for 5–28 percent of all swimming injuries (Table 11.2). Four studies have looked specifically at knee injuries (Hahn and Foldspang, 1998; Rovere and Nichols, 1985; Stulberg et al., 1980; Vizsolyi et al., 1987). Perhaps the most common injury involving the swimmer’s knee is ‘breaststroker’s knee’ (Fowler and Regan, 1986). Clinically, ‘breast-stroker’s knee’ occurs when the swimmer’s knee is placed in a maximal valgus position, causing a medial collateral ligament sprain (Fowler and Regan, 1986). Other injuries to the knee that were identified include patellar dislocation, general joint effusion, meniscus injuries, and medial synovitis (Fowler and Regan, 1986).
Pain and body position on the bicycle in competitive and recreational road cyclists: A retrospective study
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2023
Rodrigo R. Bini, Jayden R. Hunter
The three major body sites of overuse injuries in road cyclists are the low back, the buttocks and the knee joint, according to Dettori and Norvell (2006). In elite cyclists, low back pain (58%) and anterior knee pain (30%) are the most common reason for self-reported reduced performance (Clarsen et al., 2010). Low back pain has been theoretically related to fatigue of low back muscles, silence in activation of these muscles or to a strength imbalance between core muscles (Marsden & Schwellnus, 2010). Currently, it is unclear if these hypotheses depend on the anterior projection of the upper body observed in cycling. For the knee joint, patellar tendinitis and chondromalacia patellae are amongst the most often reported injuries (Dettori & Norvell, 2006). For the buttocks and perinium, ischial tuberosity pain and erectile disfunction, respectively, seem to be prevalent in road cyclists (Dettori & Norvell, 2006). However, most of the proposed mechanisms related to these injuries do not have supporting evidence from experimental research. This limits interventions from practitioners (e.g., bike fitters) attempting to optimise bike fitting for the purpose of reducing risk of pain and injuries in cyclists.
Running kinetics and femoral trochlea cartilage characteristics in recreational and collegiate distance runners
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Peter K. Mitchell, Tyler J. Moffit, Melissa M. Montgomery, Derek N. Pamukoff
Magnetic resonance imaging and radiography are common knee joint imaging methods (Chakravarty et al., 2008; Racunica et al., 2007; Van Ginckel et al., 2010). However, magnetic resonance imaging is cost-prohibitive (Xu et al., 2017) and radiography can be considered invasive (Mercuri et al., 2011). Ultrasound imaging provides a reliable and valid assessment of femoral articular cartilage (Schmitz, Wang et al., 2017) that is cost-effective, portable and non-invasive. Therefore, ultrasound imaging is a practical alternative for measuring femoral cartilage morphology. Ultrasound imaging also measures echo-intensity, which is the grey scale of a traced region of interest. Studies indicate that greater echo-intensity (i.e., brighter image) is associated with knee OA progression (Jana et al., 2017; Oo & Bo, 2016) but has not been reported in runners.
Evaluating the influence of knee airbags on lower limb and whole-body injury
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Timothy L. McMurry, Jason L. Forman, Greg Shaw, Jeff R. Crandall
For descriptive purposes, we also considered a more detailed sub-grouping of injuries defined within the three main categories listed above. The KTH region was divided to count injuries in the hip, thigh, and knee. The hip included the acetabulum and the proximal femur (fractures in the intertrochanteric region and proximal). Thigh included all other femur fractures, as well as soft tissue injury in the thigh region (e.g., major lacerations). Knee injury included patella fracture, all knee ligaments, the meniscus, and knee dislocation. For the injury distributions the below knee region was divided into two categories – the leg and the foot/ankle. The leg region consisted of the regions of the tibia and fibula short of the ankle. The foot/ankle consisted of distal tibia and fibula injuries associated with the ankle joint (e.g., infrasyndesmotic and transyndesmotic fractures, malleolar fractures, and tibial pilon fractures), as well as ligament injuries and fractures distal to the ankle. The other AIS3+ injuries were subdivided by body region, including Head/Brain injury (including head vasculature and facial fractures), Rib Fracture, Other Chest & Neck (including thoracic viscera, diaphragm, neck vasculature, hyoid, and larynx injury), Abdomen, Upper Extremity, Pelvis (other than acetabulum), and Spine injury (including spinal cord).