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The Lower Extremities
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
The leg is supported by two bones: tibia and fibula. The tibia, the second longest bone of the body, resides in the medial portion of the leg while the fibula resides in the lateral portion of the leg and posterolateral of the tibia. The tibia is longer, larger in diameter and stronger than the fibula. The tibia is the primary weight-bearing bone of the leg and accounts for 85% to 90% of weight transfer depending on the position of the foot and ankle (Moore et al. 2011). The tibia articulates with the medial and lateral femoral condyles superiorly, with talus inferiorly and laterally, and with the fibula at its proximal and distal ends (Moore et al. 2011). The distal portion of the tibia and fibula diverges into medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula (Figure 15.2).
Designing for Foot and Ankle Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The tarsal bones form the rear of the foot and can be subdivided into proximal bones and distal bones. The proximal bones include the calcaneus and the talus. The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone. You can feel its solid structure at the back and bottom of your foot. The calcaneal (Achilles) tendon attaches to the calcaneus and extends to the strong muscles on the posterior of the leg. The talus, as the uppermost foot bone, interfaces with the bones of the leg above it, the tibia and the fibula, to form the ankle (talocrural joint). Find the joint by locating the intersection of the leg and the foot. Refer to the illustration of the lower limb in Chapter 5 if needed. Run your hands down the inside and outside length of your leg from about mid-calf until you feel two protrusions. On the medial side of your leg you will feel the medial malleolus which is the distal end of the tibia. Along the outside feel the lateral malleolus which is the most distal portion of the fibula. The medial malleolus is slightly higher. Because these protrusions of the ankle do not lie on the same transverse plane (parallel to the ground), the total circumference for footwear, like high-top, pull-on boots, should be designed to comfortably encircle both malleoli. The tibia transmits the weight of the body to the talus. The fibula, with the ankle ligaments, acts as a strut to stabilize the talus beneath the tibia. The talus is unusual, as no muscles attach to it (Hamill & Knutzen, 2003). The talus rests on the calcaneus below, forming the subtalarjoint. The ankle structure, while amazingly sturdy, is very flexible and also susceptible to sprains as described later in this chapter.
Musculoskeletal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Isolated fracture of the tibia is a relatively common injury in children aged one to three (toddler’s fracture). These fractures are often undisplaced and therefore very difficult to see. They are usually best seen as a thin oblique lucent line on the lateral radiograph (Fig. 8.46). Scintigraphic bone scan or MRI may be useful in difficult cases.
Running speed-induced changes in foot contact pattern influence impact loading rate
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Bastiaan Breine, Philippe Malcolm, Samuel Galle, Pieter Fiers, Edward C. Frederick, Dirk De Clercq
Running is a popular leisure time activity with well-established benefits for mental and physical health. However, there are high rates of running-related injuries ranging from 3 to 59 running-related injuries per 1000 hours of running (van Gent et al., 2007). Despite the multitude of research, there is still no consensus on which biomechanical parameters are the most important risk factors. A high vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) of the ground reaction force (GRF) can be considered a risk factor for the development of tibial stress fractures (Hamill & Gruber, 2017; Milner, Ferber, Pollard, Hamill, & Davis, 2006; van der Worp, Vrielink, & Bredeweg, 2016). Stress fractures can account for 15–20% of all musculoskeletal-related injuries, with the tibia being the most common site of injury (35–49%) (Barnes, Wheat, & Milner, 2007). Moreover, VILR has been shown as a reliable parameter to assess impact intensity, especially when different foot strike patterns are studied (Ueda et al., 2016).
A comparative finite element simulation of locking compression plate materials for tibial fracture treatment
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Sami Beirami, Mohammad Nikkhoo, Kamran Hassani, Alireza Karimi
We have investigated the role of the LCP system material properties in the induced stresses and strains of the plate and screws. Therefore, a finite element model of the human tibia was established (Figure 1). A circumferential additional solid with the thickness of 1 mm was defined in the medial of the tibia, where the fracture site was located, to represent the callus. The LCP bone-system implant as well as the screws were also implanted to the bone (Figure 1). Although the LCP showed several advantages in the management of the fracture site, the parameters, such as biomechanical concerns as well as using the appropriate materials are important (Nassiri et al. 2012; Nikkhoo et al. 2020). The failure of the plate or screw under the applied load is a problem that occurred in 18% of plate fixations (Button et al. 2004; Vallier et al. 2006). The reasons, such as technical errors in plate placement and early weight bearing in the presence of delayed fracture union, have been reported as the cause of failures in the plates and screws. Presently, the usual methods for fixation of a fractured tibia is internal plate fixation and nailing. But, there are many problems, including malalignment of the fracture and knee pain in nailing (Katsoulis et al. 2006), or infection and soft tissue problems in internal plate fixation (Cannada et al. 2008; Leonard et al. 2009). The application of external fixation for tibial fractures although showed adequate skeletal stability (Haidukewych 2002), the hospitalization time is the negative point and might lead to knee joint stiffness and leg muscle atrophy (Rommens et al. 1989). Internal locking plates, including LCP, make angular stability at the plate-screw interface, which leads to proper fixation of the plate to the bone. When the supply of blood to the bone is preserved then the importance of the biological factors for fracture healing is revealed (Nassiri et al. 2012). LCP has known to be a proper fixation in many fractures, with low related complications (Sommer et al. 2003).
Research on plantar pressure dynamic distribution characteristics of samba step movements based on biomechanics
Published in Connection Science, 2021
Song Honglian, K. Deepa Thilak, Tamizharasi G. Seetharam
Compare and analyse the scholars’ research on the physical quality of samba dancers. It can be found that the current research on physical quality mainly includes basic research on tracking research, current situation research, comparative research and physical quality, among which basic theoretical research and tracking research are relatively more. The ability of the dancer to stand on the tiptoe has a greater impact on the stability of the rotation. In the rotary motion training, the ability of the semi-tip is very important. In the rotating motion, the ankle needs sufficient strength to make the dancer stand on the tiptoe. During the rotation, the ankle needs to flexibly cooperate with the body to rotate, and the ankle should be fast and stable. In the ballet swing, the main leg has an important role, only the toe is up to the highest point, the smaller the contact area between the ground and the foot, the smaller the friction will be, and the dancer’s rotation speed will be faster and more stable. The centre of gravity of the body is tilted forward, the pressure of the sole is concentrated in the forefoot, and the characteristic rotational motion causes the pressure of the lateral tibia to increase significantly, and two peaks appear in one cycle, indicating that the tendon of the metatarsophalangeal joint is subjected to a large pulling force. Tibia is the larger weight-bearing bone located on medial side of the leg, and the fibula is the thin bone of the lateral leg. And it lasts for a long time and can achieve the purpose of consuming fat. According to some data, during the sports dance exercise, the proportion of fat supply increases with time. Sports dance can reduce body fat and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol. This has a good effect on the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, while promoting the free fatty acids in fat to participate in energy supply, as well as the negative balance of body heat caused by exercise, all contribute to reducing body fat. Long term professional training will inevitably cause the toes of the dancers to suffer from fatigue and injury for a long time. At the same time, heel movement is the normal dance movement. A progressive foot deformity is said to be a Hallux valgus in which the first Meta-Tarso-Phalangeal (MTP) joint is affected and is often accompanied by foot pain and major functional disability. Metabolic conditions may cause hallux valgus which includes inflammatory arthropathies. This Hallux valgus is said to be a commonest forefoot deformity and it has the estimated prevalence of 23% to 35%. This type of movement may cause hallux valgus and elongate the medial ligament of metatarsophalangeal joint. Contraction of the lateral ligament, imbalance of the thumb, medial deviation of the first metatarsal bone, forming hallux valgus, is likely to cause osteophytes in the medial head of the first metatarsal bone. The performance comparison of the two plantar testing instruments is shown in Table 6 and Figure 6.