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Measurement Method for Orthopaedics
Published in P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino, Non-Invasive Monitoring of Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2022
P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino
The knee joint is a hinge type joint placed between femur, tibia, and patella. The femur is the longest bone of human body and represents the proximal part of the limb, or thigh. The head of the femur is a hemispherical surface that fits into the acetabulum of the hip joint, while the distal part of femur has two articular surfaces, named condyles, which are connected on the anterior side to patella through the patellar surface. The two femur condyles, meet the menisci placed over the tibial plateau (Fig. 6.1). Menisci are thickened disks shaped pad placed at the centre of the knee join. They protect the ends of the bones from rubbing on each other, and they also play a crucial role in shock absorption. The tibial plateau is located in the proximal part of the tibia, the long anterior leg bone, which together with fibula, positioned on the lateral side of the tibia, represent the bone structure of the lower part of the leg between the knee and the ankle [184].
Selection of materials
Published in William Bolton, R.A. Higgins, Materials for Engineers and Technicians, 2020
Hip and knee joint replacements are now a relatively common operation. The issues that have to be addresses with such implants are that healthy cartilage surfaces in natural joints have a surface friction approaching zero. Artificial joints have a higher surface friction which subjects the implant components to wear. This, of course, limits the life of the joint replacement but can also result in the release of very small wear particles into the surrounding joint cavity. These particles can induce inflammatory responses in the tissue surrounding the joint, possibly loosening the implant and so making it necessitary to replace it. In a hip joint replacement, the femoral head is removed and replaced by a rigid pin with a ball head installed in the shaft of the femur; the ball head is able to rotate in a cup attached to the ilium. Both the pin and the cup are attached to the surrounding bone by an adhesive.
Case Studies
Published in Elizabeth Berry, A Practical Approach to Medical Image Processing, 2007
In a conventional hip replacement operation, the head of the femur is removed and replaced with a prosthesis. The hip replacement consists of a metal ball that is attached to a shaft, which is fixed inside the femur. Over time, wear to the prosthesis means that it may become loose, and many need replacement after 10 or more years. X-ray imaging is the modality used to check the integrity of the hip replacement. The main area of interest is the border between the prosthesis and bone, where signs of bone deterioration or bone loss indicate loosening of the prosthesis in the femur. It is typical for the sharpness of the image to be enhanced before the image is assessed, and in this activity the effects of the unsharp mask filter (Chapter 3) are demonstrated.
Chronological-hybrid optimization enabled deep learning for boundary segmentation and osteoporosis classification using femur bone
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
Kiran Dhanaji Kale, Bharati Ainapure, Sowjanya Nagulapati, Lata Sankpal, Babasaheb Sambhajirao Satpute
The femur bone is the strongest and longest bone in the human body and refers to the thigh bone. It is the most important part of the body that provides the body with the capability to stand and move. Further, it also provides support to several ligaments, tendons, muscles, and parts of the circulatory system. Osteoporosis or ‘porous bone’ is a complicated, multi-factorial, and long-lasting disease [1–4] resulting in weaker bones leading to a higher risk of fractures [5,6]. The wrist, spine, and hip fractures are caused by reduced bone density, resulting in reduced life quality and in certain cases, mortality [7]. Osteoporosis results in reduced bone density and fragility, thus affecting the bones badly and leading to increased fractures [8,9]. This process is labelled a silent epidemic’ as the diseases cannot be detected earlier before fracture, especially in the hip area [10,11]. Further, the fractures may impact the vertebrae leading to bone deformities, extreme back pain, and severe loss in height. Hence, the only way to deal with osteoporosis fractures is to detect the condition as early as possible [12,13]. Several techniques have been developed for detecting osteoporosis at the earliest. The most commonly used approach in identifying osteoporosis is measuring the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of an individual with the help of Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) [14,15]. While the BMD value is less than a threshold, it indicates that the individual has osteoporosis. Though this technique offers high accuracy, it is inefficient and highly expensive, restricting its usage in routine diagnosis [16].
Evolution of different designs and wear studies in total hip prosthesis using finite element analysis: A review
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Chethan K N, Shyamasunder Bhat N, Mohammad Zuber, Satish Shenoy B
The femur is the strongest and longest of the bones in the human body. It comprises of HeadNeckTwo large projections—greater trochanter and lesser trochanters.The proximal femur is depicted in Figure 2.
Finite element analysis of fixed bone plates over fractured femur model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Harbhajan Ahirwar, Vijay Kumar Gupta, Himansu Sekhar Nanda
The human femur is considered the longest bone of the human body (Das and Sarangi 2014). In terms of compression, it is also considered the strongest bone (Das and Sarangi 2014). The femur supports most of the bodyweight and assists in few important processes such as walking, jumping from a certain height, etc. At one end, the femur articulates with acetabulum to form the hip joint and at the other end, it articulates with the tibia and kneecap to form the knee joint (Ricci et al. 2006; Das and Sarangi 2014). Although the human femur is very difficult to break, the fracture may occur due to high-speed traumatic injuries. The most common causes of femur fracture include motor vehicle accident, sports injury, a fall from a high height, or the pre-existing bone disease that weakens the bone, e.g. Paget disease and osteoporosis. Bone plates as a class of prosthetic bioimplant have been widely used for fracture fixation however these bioimplants have few existing shortcomings such as susceptibility to corrosion and modulus mismatch with a native bone tissue (Choi et al. 2010). The current fracture fixation strategy employs the fixation of the commercially available bone plates made from a biocompatible metallic material or metal alloys. These bone plates are usually fixed at one side of the fracture to support the process of healing (Yeap and Deepak 2007; Das and Sarangi 2014; Dhanopia and Bhargava 2017). However, the persisting limitations include inadequate support to a fractured bone. Hence, there is a constant need for the development of improved bone plates using novel material processing strategies or the modification over plate fixation strategies using new clinical settings that can significantly accelerate the fracture healing process without interfering with the original properties of a bone (Uhthoff et al. 2006; Yosibash et al. 2007). The most important factors for femoral prosthesis design that affects the long-term survival of a prosthetic bioimplant are prosthesis geometry, material properties, and surface finishing (Ebramzadeh et al. 2003; Dopico-González et al. 2010; Oshkour et al. 2014). Moreover, the failure of the prosthesis is attributed to the differences in the stiffness of a bioimplant and a native bone. Thus, the important biomechanical parameters at the bone–bioimplant interface need to be precisely considered for the long-term survival of prostheses (Pindera et al. 2002). High stiffness is known to cause stress shielding issues, which further results in a bioimplant failure (Simões and Marques 2005). In contrast, very low stiffness could cause the migration of the prosthesis and micro dislocation (Simões and Marques 2005).