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Hydrogels with Ubiquitous Roles in Biomedicine and Tissue Regeneration
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Priyanka, Pooja A Chawla, Aakriti, Viney Chawla, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Bharti Sapra
Injury to or degeneration of the meniscus leads to compromised meniscus function, which is a reason of progression of knee osteoarthritis. A number of TE approaches have been used to enhance replacement and repair of damaged meniscus such as meniscus allograft transplantation to replace lost meniscal tissue and direct replacement of meniscal tissue by natural or synthetic biomaterial scaffolds (An et al., 2018). Polylactic acid (PLA) has great prospective in meniscal repair devices because of its sufficiently long half-life (6 months) as the time period required for meniscal repair is 6–12 weeks. Along with this, PLA also have other advantages such as biocompatibility, suitable degradation time, and strength due to which it may take off the role of indigenous extracellular matrix proteins and provides support to normalise tissue development and restoration (Baek et al., 2015; Katz and Scott, 2009)]. Another approach used in meniscal TE involves injectable photo crosslinked cell-based collagen scaffold, in which photo crosslinking has been induced by riboflavin, has great potential for utilization in meniscus regeneration (Heo et al., 2016).
Designing for Lower Torso and Leg Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
In simplest terms, the knee joint is a synovial hinge joint (refer to Figure 5.10), consisting of the two distal, rounded, cartilage-covered femoral condyles, which articulate with relatively flat condyles of the proximal tibia. Medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments (on the joint sides) help to stabilize the joint. A pair of ligaments (the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments) bridge between the femur and the tibia, crossing in an X-shape within the joint, and attaching to a non-articular area between the tibial condyles. Each femur has a medial and lateral epicondyle protruding from the condyles that can be palpated from the surface and which serve as landmarks for wearables. The medial and lateral menisci (plural of meniscus), partially movable crescent-shaped cartilage spacers between the femur and tibia, deepen the tibial articular surface (Jenkins, 2002, p. 277). Lip-like, they attach to the edges of the tibia along the medial and lateral aspects of the joint. The thin innermost portions of the menisci, particularly the medial menisci, are vulnerable to tears with knee trauma, and contribute to knee locking and/or buckling when damaged.
Tissue Structure and Function
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
The meniscus is also considered to be fibrocartilage. Menisci are semilunar cartilaginous structures that deepen and cushion the femoro-tibial articulation. It turns the tibial surface into a shallow socket to increase the stability of the knee joint. The meniscus spreads out the weight being transferred from the femur above to the tibia below; this protects the articular cartilage from excessive forces occurring in any one area on the joint surface. Without the meniscus, the round femur would slide on top of the flat tibial surface and the concentration of force onto a small area on the articular cartilage would damage the surface, leading to osteoarthritis. The meniscus is composed of 75% water and 25% collagen type I fibers, PGs, and chondrocytes. The architecture of the collagen fiber bundles is approximately parallel and is mainly circular in the thick peripheral portion of the meniscus. At the inner part of the meniscus, their orientation is mainly radial. The collagen fibers run parallel to the surface at the superficial layers and continue this trend but run radial too in the deeper layers. There are blood vessels in the peripheral zone. The larger part of the meniscus is avascular.
Comparison of constitutive models for meniscus and their effect on the knee joint biomechanics during gait
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Tulashi Simkheada, Gustavo A. Orozco, Rami K. Korhonen, Petri Tanska, Mika E. Mononen
Meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous, poroelastic tissue located between the tibial plateau and femoral condyles in the tibiofemoral joint. It is primarily composed of collagen, proteoglycans, and fluid. Due to the unique composition and collagen network structure, meniscus has optimal mechanical properties to resist compressive, tensile and shear forces (Aspden et al. 1985; Mow 1990; Masouros et al. 2008). Hence, it can distribute tibiofemoral joint loads into a larger area on joint surfaces and to provide support for joint stabilization during daily physical activities (Cameron and Macnab 1972; Walker and Erkman 1975; Shrive et al. 1978; Seedhom and Hargreaves 1979; Ahmed and Burke 1983; Proctor et al. 1989; Anderson et al. 1991; Zhu et al. 1994; Tissakht et al. 1996; Makris et al. 2011; Danso et al. 2015). The biomechanical contribution of meniscus can be impaired due to injuries, age-related degenerative changes and surgical treatments such as total and partial meniscectomy (Egner 1982; Drosos and Pozo 2004; Englund et al. 2009; Bedi et al. 2010; Seitz et al. 2013). These deficiencies of meniscus increase stress concentrations in articular cartilage that may lead to the development of osteoarthritis (OA) (Baratz et al. 1986; Lee et al. 2006; Neuman et al. 2008; Netravali et al. 2010; Mononen et al. 2015; Jiang et al. 2020).
Influence of the forehand stance on knee biomechanics: Implications for potential injury risks in tennis players
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Caroline Martin, Anthony Sorel, Pierre Touzard, Benoit Bideau, Ronan Gaborit, Hugo DeGroot, Richard Kulpa
The meniscus aims to absorb shock and distribute stress to protect the knee. It allows joint stabilization and margins protection. Moreover, it facilitates joint gliding and provides articular cartilage lubrication and nutrition (Brindle et al., 2001). As a result of excessive knee pivoting motion, meniscus tears are very common among tennis players (Fu et al., 2018), especially in middle-aged and elderly players (Renström, 1995). Injury risks for the meniscus include loadings that exceeds the structural integrity of the tissue (Rattner et al., 2011). In athletes, menisci injuries are mainly produced by a compressive force coupled with tibiofemoral external or internal rotation as the knee moves from flexion to extension during rapid change of direction (Brindle et al., 2001). While it is known that excessive loading of the menisci can lead to degenerative changes, it is not known at what magnitude compressive forces and rotation torques become injurious to cartilage (Escamilla et al., 2001). In this study, the results show that the peak of compressive knee force, the maximal knee flexion angle and the external rotation knee torque are significantly higher in DOS than in ANS. Moreover, while some areas of the meniscus aim to absorb compressive loads (inner sections), other meniscus areas deal with distractive loads (outer areas) (Hellio Le Graverand et al., 2001). DOS induces more extreme distractive knee force than the two other stances. Consequently, all these results lead us to believe that the DOS could be potentially more traumatic for meniscus in tennis players.
Investigation of normal knees kinematics in walking and running at different speeds using a portable motion analysis system
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2021
Rixu Liu, Dongyang Qian, Yushu Chen, Jianyu Zou, Shicong Zheng, Bo Bai, Zefeng Lin, Yu Zhang, Yi Chen
As speed increases, the tibia moves proximally and the distance between the tibia and the femur shortens. The maximum of the tibia proximal translation increases significantly with the increase of speed. The meniscuses are easily affected by the activity of tibia and femur in walking and running. During running, the body experiences vertical forces greater than the body weight itself (Milner et al., 2006). This indicates that due to the compressive load, as speed increases, the vertical load of the knee increases, and the knee requires more shock absorption to accommodate the intensive motion. The meniscus are integral parts of the complex biomechanics of the knee and have various functions, such as transmission of compressive loads, protection of adjacent articular surfaces from axial loads, shock absorption and stress reduction, etc. (Allen et al., 2000; Marzo & Gurske-DePerio, 2009). All of these increase the risk of injury of the meniscal and articular cartilage due to greater compression forces.