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Design and Mechanics of Running Shoes
Published in Franz Konstantin Fuss, Aleksandar Subic, Martin Strangwood, Rabindra Mehta, Routledge Handbook of Sports Technology and Engineering, 2013
The main purpose of any cushioning material is to distribute the shock force over a longer time, as softer materials have a longer contact time on impact and thereby reduce the shock spike. As important as the shock spike is for bone physiology and mechanics, it is detrimental for the articular cartilage. Syndromes described in the literature have been attributed (more indirectly than directly) to too much jogging with insufficient shoes on hard ground; these include knee pain syndromes, Achilles tendonitis, shin splints and plantar fasciitis. The patellofemoral pain syndrome or ‘runner’s knee’ is allegedly caused by excessive pronation associated with internal tibial rotation. This causes the patella to shift slightly relative to the femoral condyles. Owing to the imbalanced position of the patella, the cartilage pressure increases in the patellofemoral joint, leading to painful symptoms (Shorten 2000).
The Lower Extremities
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
The patella, or knee cap, is a large sesamoid bone that is formed intratendinously after birth. The patella is positioned anterior to the knee joint and serves as a fulcrum, giving the quadriceps more power when extending the leg (Huelke 1986). The knee joint is a hinge type of synovial joint that allows flexion and extension of the leg. The knee joint consists of two joints forming three articulations: The femoro-patellar joint is the articulation between the patella and femur. The femoro-tibial joint links the lateral and medial articulations between the femoral and tibial condyles. The knee joint is held intact by ligaments connecting the tibia and femur as well as surrounding muscles and tendons (Moore et al. 2011).
Musculoskeletal system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Plain radiography of the knee provides an overview for initial assessment of injury, including patellar dislocation. However, the exquisite detail of internal anatomy and pathology provided by MRI means that this test will be required for most patients with suspected meniscal or ligament injury. Ultrasound is useful for assessment of popliteal masses and the anterior compartment and can assess the collateral ligaments, but MRI is the first-line investigation in other conditions. CT is useful in acute trauma, in particular in planning surgery for depressed tibial plateau fracture. Arthrography is less often required in the era of MRI.
Pain and body position on the bicycle in competitive and recreational road cyclists: A retrospective study
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2023
Rodrigo R. Bini, Jayden R. Hunter
The three major body sites of overuse injuries in road cyclists are the low back, the buttocks and the knee joint, according to Dettori and Norvell (2006). In elite cyclists, low back pain (58%) and anterior knee pain (30%) are the most common reason for self-reported reduced performance (Clarsen et al., 2010). Low back pain has been theoretically related to fatigue of low back muscles, silence in activation of these muscles or to a strength imbalance between core muscles (Marsden & Schwellnus, 2010). Currently, it is unclear if these hypotheses depend on the anterior projection of the upper body observed in cycling. For the knee joint, patellar tendinitis and chondromalacia patellae are amongst the most often reported injuries (Dettori & Norvell, 2006). For the buttocks and perinium, ischial tuberosity pain and erectile disfunction, respectively, seem to be prevalent in road cyclists (Dettori & Norvell, 2006). However, most of the proposed mechanisms related to these injuries do not have supporting evidence from experimental research. This limits interventions from practitioners (e.g., bike fitters) attempting to optimise bike fitting for the purpose of reducing risk of pain and injuries in cyclists.
Cycling with Low Saddle Height is Related to Increased Knee Adduction Moments in Healthy Recreational Cyclists
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Yong Wang, Leichao Liang, Donghai Wang, Yunqi Tang, Xie Wu, Li Li, Yu Liu
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS), which commonly develops on the lateral aspect of the patella, suggesting that frontal plane loads may play an essential role in developing PFPS (Wunschel, Leichtle, Obloh, Wulker, & Muller, 2011), accounts for approximately 25% (Bailey, Maillardet, & Messenger, 2003) of all overuse injuries at the knee during cycling. It has been suggested that the non-driving moments (abduction/adduction axial moments) transmitted by the knee are primarily responsible for overuse knee injuries (Gregersen & Hull, 2003; Ruby, Hull, & Hawkins, 1992; Umberger & Martin, 2001). Thus, information on the frontal plane knee loads during cycling may be useful to understand the etiology of PFPS.
Design and analysis of a multi-DOF compliant gait rehabilitation robot
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2023
Yinan Jin, Prashant K. Jamwal, Roland Goecke, Mergen H. Ghayesh, Shahid Hussain
The human knee joint complex is formed by the patella bone together with the ends of the femur and tibia bones. It is a complex joint that provides three dof during walking over ground at natural speeds. While flexion-extension is the most pronounced rotation, a small internal-external rotation and abduction-adduction is also observed during the gait cycle (Gray et al. 2019).