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Skeletal Muscle
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium are interconnected together and blend with tendons and aponeuroses. Tendon is a tough, fibrous, whitish, cord-like tissue that connects muscle to bone and is composed of parallel arrays of closely packed fibers that are mostly collagen. The collagen fibers aggregate to form fascicles that are surrounded by connective tissue. Bundles of fascicles, as well as the tendon as a whole, are surrounded in turn by connective tissue. Some tendons are surrounded, in addition, by a sheath that encloses synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant that reduces friction associated with tendon movements. Tendons include blood vessels and fibroblasts for maintaining tendon tissue, as well as a type of receptor, the Golgi tendon organ (Section 9.4.1) that responds to tension in the tendon.
Musculoskeletal system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Heel pain – plantar fasciitis is inflammatory thickening of the plantar fascia, usually at the origin from the calcaneum and is a common cause of heel pain. The diagnosis is usually clinical but in refractory cases ultrasound can be used to confirm the diagnosis, exclude other conditions such as plantar fibroma or fibromatosis or to guide steroid injection. Achilles tendon pathology is another common cause of heel pain located posteriorly. Chronic tendinopathy is very common as the Achilles tendon also carries a major load during ambulation and is subject to acute inflammation or tears sometimes related to relatively trivial trauma. Ultrasound and MRI can establish the diagnosis of tendinopathy and assess the presence of tears. Partial or complete rupture can be assessed. Dynamic ultrasound can also assess the tendon gap in complete rupture.
Anatomy, Biomechanics, Work Physiology, and Anthropometry
Published in Stephan Konz, Steven Johnson, Work Design, 2018
Tendons, which transmit force from muscles to bones, have a very high modulus of elasticity (close to mild steel!) and very high tensile strength (45 to 125 N/m2). See Figure 2.19. Synovial sheaths, containing a lubricant called synovial fluid, often (but not always) surround the tough, ropelike tendon. A tendon in a sheath is like a wire in a soda straw. A strain is the tearing apart of tendon fibers (akin to fraying a rope). Tendinitis (also called tendonitis) is the inflammation of the tendon. Tenosynovitis (also called tendosynovitis, tendovaginitis, and peritendinitis) results when the sheath produces excessive synovial fluid, making the sheath swollen and painful. Tendons have virtually no blood supply, and thus, they heal very slowly. An inflammatory reaction may begin in the damaged tendon area. The inflamed tissue carries with it a blood supply for tendon repair, but it also has a nerve supply that can cause severe pain.
Achilles tendon structure is associated with regular running volume and biomechanics
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2023
Daniel Jandacka, Vera Kristyna Jandackova, Vladimir Juras, Dominik Vilimek, Jiri Skypala, Steriani Elavsky, Jaroslav Uchytil, Andrea Monte, Joseph Hamill
The properties of the tendon determine its function and injury risk (Arya & Kulig, 2010; Devaprakash et al., 2020). Several previous case control studies have provided evidence that the AT may be adapted in response to the process of ageing and physical activity levels (Devaprakash et al., 2020; Kongsgaard et al., 2005; Stenroth et al., 2012). For example, acute exercise in humans have been shown to be followed by an increase in both the synthesis and degradation of collagen (Magnusson et al., 2010). In addition, high running distance volume has been shown to be associate with altered biochemical AT properties T2*RT (Devaprakash et al., 2020). However, studies focusing on relationship between running distance and AT properties have only been carried out in two groups (highly active runners and controls) (Devaprakash et al., 2020; Grosse et al., 2015) rather than investigating association between different running distances on AT properties. Therefore, it is unclear whether an increased AT T2*RT may be a sign of running overload and may depend on the structure‐specific cumulative load per running session (running biomechanics and technique, the way in which the AT is loaded) and/or the structure‐specific capacity when entering a running session (physical (in)activity characteristics, running distance per week) (Bertelsen et al., 2017).
Comparative anatomy of quadruped robots and animals: a review
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2022
Akira Fukuhara, Megu Gunji, Yoichi Masuda
The biarticular muscles cross over two joints, where they generate and restrict their motion. Their presence is one of the anatomical characteristics of the limbs. In humans, it was determined that approximately 50% of the muscles in the limbs could be considered biarticular muscles [51]. The gastrocnemius muscle flexes the knee joint and extends the ankle joint, while the semitendinous muscle extends the hip joint and flexes the knee joint [34,52], as shown in Figure 2(A). The resultant interlocking motion in the limb joint differs depending on the combination of activated muscles (e.g. co-contraction with the antagonist muscle). Besides, in this region, some muscles have well-developed tendons. A tendon is usually found at the ends of the muscles and connects the muscle to a bone as a passive connective tissue. It is different from a ligament, which connects bones in the skeleton [53]. Most tendons are less compliant and transmit force to the skeletal system and stabilize joints, but some are compliant and help efficient movement by storing and releasing elastic energy [54] .
Self-reported foot strike patterns and sonographic evidence of Achilles tendinopathy in asymptomatic marathon runners
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Scott M. Marberry, Sara E. Filmalter, George G.A. Pujalte, James C. Presley, Kristina F. DeMatas, Daniel P. Montero, Krishna Israni, Colleen T. Ball, Jennifer R. Maynard
Running continues to be a popular sport in the US, resulting in a high incidence of musculoskeletal injuries and conditions, including tendinopathies. Sonographic evaluation may be useful in determining those predisposed to various tendon injuries. This study suggests that over one-third of marathon runners may be expected to have sonographic evidence of Achilles tendinopathy, even when they are asymptomatic. Men and runners with higher BMI can be expected to have slightly larger CSAs. Further research is needed to better define the relationships between various foot strike patterns and sonographic manifestations of lower extremity tendinopathies in athletes.