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Measurement Method for Orthopaedics
Published in P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino, Non-Invasive Monitoring of Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2022
P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino
The muscles of knee joint are skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton by tendons in order to control the voluntary movements of the body. The skeletal muscles are tissues composed by fibers organized into bundles, called fascicles, surrounded by a middle layer of connective tissue. The muscle fibers are reciprocally parallel, whereas the fascicle can be characterized by variable directions (they may also differ from tendons direction) [202]. Therefore, the skeletal muscle has anisotropic properties according to the muscle fibers direction (Fig. 6.2) [203–205]. As widely confirmed by scientific literature, the muscles show different dielectric properties depending on the direction (perpendicular and along) of their fibers. Indeed, several frequency ranges are reported in [131] for the imaginary and real component of the Effective Dielectric Permittivity. However, both the values and expression of the Effective Dielectric Permittivity of all knee tissues are reported in literature, with the exception of muscles. Indeed, for knee muscles only the dielectric description, corresponding to the application of an external excitation field perpendicular to the muscle fibers direction, is available. By means of an identification procedure, based on the samples of Effective Dielectric Permittivity function presented in [131], a more comprehensive muscular model is implemented.
Bionic Design of Artificial Muscle Based on Biomechanical Models of Skeletal Muscle
Published in Yuehong Yin, Biomechanical Principles on Force Generation and Control of Skeletal Muscle and their Applications in Robotic Exoskeleton, 2020
From the perspective of structure, skeletal muscle is mainly composed of muscle fibers and connective tissues. Each fiber includes numerous parallel myofibrils. Each myofibril consists of numerous sarcomeres in series. Each sarcomere is made up of thick myofilaments and thin myofilaments. Among them, thin filament is composed of actin, and thick filament is composed of myosin (molecular motor). Skeletal muscle contraction is the macroscopic phenomenon of collective operation of numerous molecular motors. Detailed introduction can be found in Section 1.2. Muscle fiber is the contractile element (CE), and connective tissue is the parallel elastic element (PE). There is also series element (SE) in skeletal muscle, referring mainly to titin in sarcomere. Each skeletal muscle connects to skeletons via tendon. Thus, the detailed skeletal muscle–tendon system can be illustrated in Figure 6.18. In a simple sense, we regard the skeletal muscle–tendon system as skeletal muscle system.
Tissue Structure and Function
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
In muscle tissue, muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. There are three types of muscle. Smooth muscle is found in the inner linings of organs. Skeletal muscle is attached to bone, and cardiac muscle is found in the heart. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle used in limb movement and locomotion. Smooth muscle is an involuntary type of muscle found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart walls and is an involuntary type of muscle.
Inverse identification of hyperelastic constitutive parameters of skeletal muscles via optimization of AI techniques
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Yang Li, Jianbing Sang, Xinyu Wei, Wenying Yu, Weichang Tian, G. R. Liu
Skeletal muscles are the most important physiological soft tissues to maintain human movement and functionality. Skeletal muscles disfunctions were found closely related to stroke, paraplegia, and joint replacement (Fregly et al. 2012). Reliable predictions of the physical properties of musculoskeletal system will significantly affect the accuracy of computer models in simulating human behavior (Takaza et al. 2013). In addition to the accurate geometric description, the correct understanding of the constitutive relationship of skeletal muscles is also the most fundamental and indispensable to establish a reliable mathematical or computational model. The material properties of skeletal muscles have been shown to be anisotropic (Böl et al. 2014), nonlinear (Wheatley et al. 2016), time dependent (Loocke et al. 2009), and hyperelastic (Gras et al. 2012). Comprehensive understanding of the mechanical behavior of skeletal muscles is of great significance for improving the treatment level of muscle diseases and injuries.
Energy expenditure and dietary intake in professional football players in the Dutch Premier League: Implications for nutritional counselling
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Naomi Y.J. Brinkmans, Nick Iedema, Guy Plasqui, Loek Wouters, Wim H.M. Saris, Luc J.C. van Loon, Jan-Willem van Dijk
Besides the adequate intake of carbohydrates, the intake of adequate amounts of protein is considered crucial to facilitate optimal recovery from and skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise (Morton, McGlory, & Phillips, 2015; Tipton & Wolfe, 2004). The recommended total daily protein requirements for football players ranges between 1.2 and 1.7 g/kg body mass/day (Nutrition for football: the FIFA/F-MARC Consensus Conference, 2006; Boisseau, Vermorel, Rance, Duche, & Patureau-Mirand, 2007; Lemon, 1994; Tipton & Wolfe, 2004). Along with the total daily protein requirements, it has been suggested that strategic timing and distribution of protein intake leads to maximal skeletal muscle adaptations and recovery (Phillips & Van Loon, 2011). In this regard, 20–25 g of protein with each main meal and 30–40 g of protein before the night have been advocated to achieve optimal training adaptations and recovery (Phillips & Van Loon, 2011; Trommelen & van Loon, 2016). Recommendations for daily protein intake are generally met by professional football players (Anderson et al., 2017; Burke et al., 2006; Wardenaar et al., 2017). However, considerably less data is available with regard to protein intake distribution throughout the day (Anderson et al., 2017; Bettonviel et al., 2016).
It's not just about protein turnover: the role of ribosomal biogenesis and satellite cells in the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Matthew Stewart Brook, Daniel James Wilkinson, Ken Smith, Philip James Atherton
Skeletal muscle is essential for movement, enabling the completion of everyday tasks that underpin independence. Furthermore, muscle hypertrophy is desirable among athletes and in the general population due to the rising interest in muscle health and wellbeing. Skeletal muscle is important in whole body metabolism, having significant roles in the storage and metabolism of proteins, lipids and glucose (Brook et al., 2016b; Wolfe, 2006). These roles are critical in maintaining whole-body metabolic and functional health; this is typified by the notion that progressive declines in muscle mass in disease and ageing propagate frailty, metabolic comorbidities and mortality (Brook, Wilkinson, & Atherton, 2017a). As such there has been considerable research efforts from our lab (Atherton & Smith, 2012) and others’ (Phillips, Tipton, Ferrando, & Wolfe, 1999) aimed at unravelling the regulation of muscle mass. However, many aspects of hypertrophy remain unclear and debated, with a confusing array of optimal nutritive/exercise practices available (Aragon & Schoenfeld, 2013; Hulmi, Lockwood, & Stout, 2010). Understanding the mechanisms and most effective strategies to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy would offer great resource in combating muscle wasting and add clarity to optimal exercise practices.