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Tissue Structure and Function
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
There are three types of muscle found in vertebrates: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.2,21 Cardiac muscle is found in the walls of the heart. Smooth muscle is present in the walls of all the hollow organs, including blood vessels (not the heart). Smooth muscle contraction reduces the size of the structures. Smooth muscle enables control of blood flow, moves food through gastrointestinal tract, forces urine from the bladder, contracts uterus during child birth, and regulates air flow through the lungs. The contraction of smooth muscle is generally not under voluntary control. Skeletal muscle is attached to the skeleton; it is also called striated muscle. Skeletal muscle is responsible for limb movement its contraction is under voluntary control.
Probe Sensors
Published in Kitsakorn Locharoenrat, Linear and Nonlinear Optics, 2021
The structure of turbid tissue, including human tissue, mainly consists of three main components (Fig. 6.1): Skin is the outer layer covering the human body and is composed of epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. It protects the body against pathogens and excessive water loss.Adipose tissue is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of fat cells. It is located beneath the human skin. Its key function is to store the energy in lipid form.Muscles tissue is composed of three sub-tissues that are capable of contraction and relaxation to produce the movement of human body parts. Skeletal muscle tissue is a form of striated muscle tissue, which is voluntarily controlled by the somatic nervous system. Most of them are connected to the bones by tendons.Cardiac muscle tissue is a form of striated muscle tissue, which is the main tissue of walls of the heart.Smooth muscle tissue is a form of non-striated muscle tissue mostly found in the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and uterus.
Cardiovascular System:
Published in Michel R. Labrosse, Cardiovascular Mechanics, 2018
The heart muscle is made up of cardiac muscle cells connected by intercalated discs. These discs consist of two cell junctions—a desmosome, which can withstand mechanical stress, and gap junctions, which allow for the movement of nerve impulses between cells. The muscle cells are arranged in a spiral pattern that results in ventricular torsion as the muscle contracts. It is believed that this “twisting” action aids in the ejection of blood, much like the effect seen when wringing out a wet cloth. In the isovolumic relaxation period, the muscle relaxes and the ventricular volume expands. This resulting drop in pressure may also aid in ventricular filling (known as the “diastolic suction” effect).
Optimised ensemble learning-based IoT-enabled heart disease monitoring system: an optimal fuzzy ranking concept
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
N.V.L.M Krishna Munagala, Lakshmi Rajeswara Rao Langoju, A. Daisy Rani, D.V.rama Koti Reddy
In recent days, heart diseases are increased among people around the world, hence which have attained a huge interest in the clinical field among different life-threatening diseases (Lim et al. 2009). Heart disease is further promoted into one of the most widespread diseases worldwide owing to the current lifestyle (Rogers et al. 2019). The heart is one of the essential organs that deliver nutrients and oxygen to entire organs for metabolism by circulating the blood throughout the human body. Blood circulation is carried out by the contraction of cardiac muscle that helps in maintaining the ‘body temperature at approximately 37°C’ (Meng et al. 2020). Body temperature is affected while observing abnormal cardiac functions. As the human body ages, the cardiac function is degenerated, thus resulting in cardiovascular diseases. As the primary part of the human is the heart, it consists of various components like the right ventricle, left ventricle, right and left atrium, epicardium, cardiac muscle and endocardium (Gong et al. 2020). The flow of blood circulation is determined through the valvular, digitalisation and contraction closure of the heart. In the initial stages, various clinical symptoms are observed, and serious damage is noticed when the disease worsens, which leads to severe damage to the physical health of persons (Li et al. 2020a). However, in most cases, heart disease patients do not experience sickness till reaching the last stage.
Adverse cardiovascular effects of exposure to cadmium and mercury alone and in combination on the cardiac tissue and aorta of Sprague–Dawley rats
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Sandra Arbi, Megan Jean Bester, Liselle Pretorius, Hester Magdalena Oberholzer
Following metal exposure with TEM (Figure 2), parallel bands of mitochondria and cardiac muscle fibrils, characteristic of normal cardiac muscle (Figure 2a, arrow), were distorted. Interruptions of Z lines were evident in the Cd exposed group together with a clear destruction of the myofibrils (Figure 2c,d, arrowhead), resulting in fewer myofibrils associated with swollen mitochondria (Figure 2c,d, thin arrows). Similar myofibrillar damage was observed in the Hg group (Figure 2f, arrowhead) and in the combination group (Figure 2g, arrowhead). In the Hg group, damage and destruction of the mitochondria were visible as spaces and dilatations of the mitochondrial body (Figure 2e,f, thin arrows). In the co-exposure group there were small, damaged mitochondria (Figure 2g, dashed arrow). Interstitial collagen deposition was also present.
The role of exercise hemodynamics in assessing patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular assist devices
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Aaron Koshy, Thomas Green, Anet Toms, Sophie Cassidy, Stephan Schueler, Djordje Jakovljevic, Guy A MacGowan
In 2011, Dimopoulos et al [64] obtained interesting results when investigating chronotropic responses during and post exercise. Patients 3 months post LVAD implantation were closer to CHF patients than healthy controls in nearly all metabolic and ventilatory variables. Mirza et al [65] found that chronotropic incompetence (inability of the heart to raise its rate in the context of demand) was present in 44% of the LVAD population studied and was significantly linked to a reduced VO2 peak. These studies suggest that chronic cardiac abnormalities from heart failure persist in LVAD patients; however, these may not be permanent. Ogletree-Hughes et al [66] performed cardiac muscle contraction studies on samples from ‘healthy’ organ donors, CHF patients, and those with a LVAD. They show correction in the down regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors and response to adrenergic stimulation in patients with LVADs. This has been complemented by genomic work studying beta-adrenergic signaling pathways in patients with myocardial recovery enabling explantation [67].