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Toxic Responses of the Lung
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Talc. Talc is an extremely versatile mineral that has found many uses. The principal uses of talc include: extender and filler pigment in the paint industry, coating and filling of paper, ceramic products, filler material for plastics, and roofing products. The character of pneumoconiosis associated with talc exposure depends on the composition of the talc dust inhaled. When asbestos is the dominant mineral, the disease is characteristic of asbestos-induced disorders. When talc is associated with quartz, the reaction of the lung to quartz is modified, giving rise to localized fibrocellular lesions, and is called talco-silicosis. Talcosis is pneumoconiosis caused by deposition of pure talc, i.e., asbestos-free and quartz-free. Granulomas are observed in chest radiographs.
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Talc is an extremely versatile mineral that has found many uses. The principal uses of talc include extender and filler pigment in the paint industry, coating and filling of paper, ceramic products, filler material for plastics, and roofing products. The character of pneumoconiosis associated with talc exposure depends on the composition of the talc dust inhaled. When asbestos is the dominant mineral, the disease is characteristic of asbestos-induced disorders. When talc is associated with quartz, the reaction of the lung to quartz is modified, giving rise to localized fibrocellular lesions, and is called talco-silicosis. Talcosis is pneumoconiosis caused by deposition of pure talc, i.e., asbestos-free and quartz-free. Granulomas are observed in chest radiographs.
Diagnosis and management of implant debris-associated inflammation
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Stuart B. Goodman, Jiri Gallo, Emmanuel Gibon, Michiaki Takagi
Excess production of ‘Moderate’- and ‘Small’-sized particles induces a foreign body type cellular response and chronic inflammation (Figure 3). This occurs both in the interfacial tissue between bone and implants and the regenerated capsular tissue around artificial joints [44]. CD68+ monocytes and macrophages are the responsible cell types for handling these wear debris by the process of phagocytosis. Macrophages have been subcategorized as naïve M0, proinflammatory M1, and anti-inflammatory M2. M1 macrophages are dominant in the foreign body granuloma [45]. Another consequence of a foreign body and chronic inflammatory reaction is the fusion of macrophages into foreign body giant cells. Fibroblasts can encapsulate the particles to the collagenous fibrous bed. Fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells frame the granuloma. Neutrophil infiltration is scarce. If neutrophils are found to a greater degree, then indolent infection is suspected [46]. Lymphocyte infiltration is occasionally observed in the macrophage dominant foreign body granuloma, but limited [16]. Mast cells are also recognized, but the precise role is still unclear [47,48].
Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of injectable long-acting curcumin microcrystal
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2018
Liandong Hu, Dongqian Kong, Qiaofeng Hu, Feng Niu, Kuiliang Jiao, Bingnan Ren, Hongtao Liu
Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution results of curcumin nanosuspension after intravenous administration in rabbits and mice showed that curcumin nanosuspensions presented a markedly different pharmacokinetic property as compared to the curcumin solution (Gao, Li, Sun, Li, et al. 2010). Another intravenously injectable curcumin nanosuspension was also prepared in the treatment of certain cancers (Gao, Li, Sun, Guo, et al. 2010). But the authors think intravenous administration of curcumin nanosuspension needs further validation, and the danger of intravenous injection with nanosuspension should be considered at first. As we all know curcumin is insoluble in water, and if these drug nanocrystals remain insoluble in the bloodstream at high concentrations, the possibility of blood vessel clogging is a significant safety issue for patients. In addition, the particle in intravenous injection can cause inflammation, granuloma, embolism, tumor, pyrogenic reaction, and metamorphosis reaction.
Construction of adaptive pulse coupled neural network for abnormality detection in medical images
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2018
Pawan Kumar Upadhyay, Satish Chandra
Figure 7 describes that the APCNN has the minimum value for Hammond distance between the image pixels compared to other segmentation methods: (a) optoelectronic PCNN, (b) AT and (c) AS. Hammond distance describes the coupling of parent neurons during the process of lesion detection and helps to improvise the quality of segmented image. Green channel of input image is less affected with noise and more sensitive to vision. If the contrast value is high, it signifies to have more accurate lesion detection as described in actin keratosis, pyogenic granuloma and seborrhoeic keratosis. These two metrics help to measure the accuracy of segmented images by calculating the following parameters described in Equation (15). The performance of the segmented image based on the combined merit (CM) is described in Equation (15).