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Linear Approximation Applications
Published in James K. Peterson, Basic Analysis II, 2020
In diabetes there is too much sugar in the blood and the urine. This is a metabolic disease and if a person has it, they are not able to use up all the sugars, starches and various carbohydrates because they don’t have enough insulin. Diabetes can be diagnosed by a glucose tolerance test (GTT). If you are given this test, you do an overnight fast and then you are given a large dose of sugar in a form that appears in the bloodstream. This sugar is called glucose. Measurements are made over about five hours or so of the concentration of glucose in the blood. These measurements are then used in the diagnosis of diabetes. It has always been difficult to interpret these results as a means of diagnosing whether a person has diabetes or not. Hence, different physicians interpreting the same data can come up with a different diagnosis, which is a pretty unacceptable state of affairs!
Applications of Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Therapy and Modeling of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases
Published in Deepak A. Lamba, Patient-Specific Stem Cells, 2017
Suranjit Mukherjee, Shuibing Chen
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders defined by the inability to maintain homeostatic glucose levels, or euglycemia, as a result of insufficient insulin production. Clinically, diabetes mellitus is characterized by a blood glucose level greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL two hours after a glucose tolerance test or a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level greater than or equal to 6.5%. This hyperglycemia results in symptoms such as frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If untreated, diabetic patients will develop many complications, including acute complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, and long-term complications, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes. Diabetes mellitus itself can be manifested in three categories: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and monogenic forms of diabetes mellitus (maturity-onset diabetes mellitus of the young [MODY]). The numerous organ systems involved in the pathology of these various forms of diabetes are shown in Figure 7.1.
Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Screening and Treatment of Chronic Diseases
Published in Sandeep Reddy, Artificial Intelligence, 2020
Chaitanya Mamillapalli, Daniel J. Fox, Ramanath Bhandari, Ricardo Correa, Vishnu Vardhan Garla, Rahul Kashyap
Currently recommended diabetes laboratory screening tests comprise fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and oral glucose tolerance tests. A diabetes diagnosis is confirmed by a 2-hour glucose tolerance test measuring >200 mg/dl or A1c ≥ 6.5% or fasting glucose levels >126 mg/dl. Prediabetes is a precursor for diabetes with glucose levels above normal levels but less than the defined thresholds for diabetes (2-hour glucose levels at 140–200 mg/dl, A1c 5.7%–6.5%, and fasting glucose at 100–126 mg/dl) (Bowen et al., 2018). Approximately 37%–70% of patients with prediabetes progress into type 2 diabetic status within four years of onset at an overall rate of 10%/year (Nathan et al., 2007).
Plasma irisin is increased following 12 weeks of Nordic walking and associates with glucose homoeostasis in overweight/obese men with impaired glucose regulation
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Ayhan Korkmaz, Mika Venojärvi, Niko Wasenius, Sirpa Manderoos, Keith C. Deruisseau, Eva-Karin Gidlund, Olli J. Heinonen, Harri Lindholm, Sirkka Aunola, Johan G. Eriksson, Mustafa Atalay
Overweight or obese male volunteers (n = 144 total) were equally randomized into two training groups (Nordic walking or power-type resistance training) and a control group (1:1:1) (Trial no: ISRCTN97931118). Data from this study were published previously (Venojarvi et al., 2013a, Venojarvi et al., 2013b). Inclusion criteria consisted of the following: 1) male sex; 2) ages 40–65 years; 3) BMI between 25.1–34.9 kg/m2; and 4) fasting plasma glucose between 5.6–6.9 mmol/L and/or plasma glucose between 7.8–11.0 mmol/L after a 2-hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Exclusion criteria consisted of: 1) prior detection of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); 2) engagement in prescribed diet or exercise programs; 3) engagement in regular, vigorous physical activity; and 4) use of medication that affects glucose balance. After exclusion of dropouts there were 115 subjects (control, n = 40; Nordic walking, n = 39; resistance training group, n = 36), that received the assigned interventions. However, plasma samples for irisin analysis were available for 105 subjects. Skeletal muscle samples (n = 45) were obtained at baseline and post-intervention from the m. vastus lateralis (VL) (control, n = 16; Nordic walking, n = 12; resistance training group, n = 17).
An extensible mathematical model of glucose metabolism. Part I: the basic glucose-insulin-glucagon model, basal conditions and basic dynamics
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2018
Caleb L. Adams, D. Glenn Lasseigne
Despite defects in insulin secretion, Leahy (1990) reports that normoglycemia may be maintained in individuals with type 2 diabetes, at the cost of elevated insulin levels. Diet, exercise, and drug intervention are the major treatments used to combat these defects. Some individuals with impaired fasting glucose tolerance are able to restore an almost normal blood glucose control through diet and exercise alone (Clark, 1997; Goldhaber-Fiebert et al., 2003; Horton, 1988). Physical exercise has been identified as both a catalyst for increasing glucose uptake by the muscles and impacting insulin sensitivity (Borghouts & Keizer, 2000; Goodyear & Kahn, 1998). Derouich and Boutayeb (2002) proposed an adaptation to Bergman’s minimal model investigating the effects of physical activity on the dynamics of glucose and insulin levels but admit that the data used to derive parameters was based upon studies from healthy subjects. Roy and Parker (2007) explored effects of both short- and long-term exercise on plasma glucose and insulin levels during the postexercise recovery period. Numerical analysis of a model using two differential equations with a delay element and inclusive external periodic functions defining diet and physical exercise demonstrated stable periodic solutions exist for glycaemia and insulin dynamics in both normal and diabetic cases (Švitra et al., 2010). Typically, Type II diabetics require pharmacological intervention.