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Chemistry, food and the modern diet: what’s in food besides food?
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Metabolic syndrome is a term used to describe a cluster of conditions that is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. The factors that are widely recognized include obesity, dyslipidemia (decreased HD-lipoprotein), hypertension (high blood pressure), and insulin resistance (see Section 16.3.3). Other factors also appear to be related, including chronic inflammation, as indicated by elevated levels of cytokines and c-reactive protein and hypercoagulability of blood. In the United States, the National Cholesterol Education Program has provided specific test readings that define the metabolic syndrome. The WHO and other organizations have related definitions of the condition. In the last quarter of the 20th century, obesity and the factors associated with the metabolic syndrome have increased substantially. It is estimated that about one-third of middle-aged Americans exhibit the metabolic syndrome and the incidence increases with age. This poses an extraordinarily serious problem for future demands on the health-care system. Current annual medical costs in the United States related to the metabolic syndrome diseases are on the order of $50 billion. Furthermore, it is estimated that perhaps 400,000 premature deaths annually are related to obesity. The metabolic syndrome is related to the level of stored fat in the body. Fat is stored in cells called adipocytes. The fundamental evolutionary purpose of fatty deposits is as a hedge against starvation, but excessive fat storage has adverse consequences. Dietary and lifestyle approaches can reduce the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome. Exercise and other physical activity reduce the levels of the markers for and the risk of both cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. Decreased caloric intake and increased unsaturated fats and fiber in the diet are beneficial. Specific dietary patterns such as the “Mediterranean diet” and moderate alcohol consumption also seem to be helpful.
Physical Activity in Everyday Life
Published in Robert Bridger, A Guide to Active Working in the Modern Office, 2019
Greer et al. (2015) found that men who sat for four to eight hours or more than eight hours per day had 65 percent and 76 percent greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome than those less sedentary. This is important because metabolic syndrome is a precursor to Type II diabetes where the body becomes insensitive to insulin and there is a risk of chronically elevated blood glucose levels causing damage to arteries and high blood pressure. The International Diabetes Federation defines metabolic syndrome as follows: The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of the most dangerous heart attack risk factors: diabetes and raised fasting plasma glucose, abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. It is estimated that around 20–25 per cent of the world’s adult population have the metabolic syndrome and they are twice as likely to die from and three times as likely to have a heart attack or stroke compared with people without the syndrome.In addition, people with metabolic syndrome have a five-fold greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes. They would add to the 230 million people worldwide who already have diabetes one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and the fourth or fifth leading cause of death in the developed world. The clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors that typifies the metabolic syndrome is now considered to be the driving force for a new CVD (cardiovascular disease) epidemic.(Alberti et al., 2006) The harmful effects of a sedentary lifestyle remained when physical activity and cardio-respiratory fitness were controlled for in the analysis (and vice versa). In other words, those who sat for long periods each day were more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than those who sat less, even if they were physically fit and active. At the same time, people who were more active and had better cardiovascular fitness were less likely to develop metabolic syndrome even if they were sedentary. It is important to note that these findings indicate that the increased risk of metabolic syndrome in those who spent a lot of time sitting was not because these individuals were unfit or had cardiovascular problems which caused the sedentary lifestyle. It was because they spent a lot of time sitting. Or, to put it another way, people are more likely to be active when they are not sitting down! So, sedentary behavior and a lack of physical fitness are independent risk factors for metabolic syndrome.
Nanomaterial-induced toxicity in pathophysiological models representative of individuals with pre-existing medical conditions
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Sreejesh Sreedharan, Georgios Zouganelis, Samantha J Drake, Gyanendra Tripathi, Ali Kermanizadeh
Metabolic syndrome is an established risk factor for development of chronic diseases including diabetes and cardiovascular disorders (Galassi, Reynolds, and He 2006). Kobos et al. (2020) induced metabolic syndrome in mice by exposure to a high 60% kcal high fat diet for 14 weeks. Subsequently silver nanoparticle at 20 nm diameter and at a concentration of 2 mg/kg iv via the tail vein was administered to metabolic syndrome mice and animals sacrificed after 24 hr. Silver nanoparticles decreased inflammatory gene expression CXCL1, Il-4, and Il-3 expression in spleen. In contrast gene expression in spleen of TNF-α, CXCL1, TGB-β, HO-1 and IL-4 in healthy mice. It is noteworthy that silver nanoparticles localized primarily in spleen and liver following iv injection. Data demonstrated that metabolic syndrome. which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, influences the inflammatory responses induced by silver nanoparticles.
Metabolic syndrome: Association between prevalence and risk at worksites
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2020
Michiru Kakinuma, Hiroo Ide, Kyoko Nakao, Daisuke Ichikawa, Ryozo Nagai, Yuji Furui
In Japan, the prevalence rate and risk of metabolic syndrome are high.2 Metabolic syndrome refers to the condition in which, due to harmful health-related behaviors, fat has accumulated around the internal organs and, further, a person has developed dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, or diabetes. In addition to living habits, vocation may also be associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome.3–10 A cross-sectional study in the United States (U.S.) showed that after adjusting for confounding factors related to sex, age, and health-related behaviors, the prevalence rates differed across 40 major U.S. occupational groups.3 A study of male civil servants in Germany suggested that the prevalence rates and risk of cardiovascular disease were higher among office workers and policemen than among firemen.5–7 Further, the results of another study of employees in small- to mid-sized companies in Japan showed that the standard prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome differed among 18 business categories.4 In other studies, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was different among white-collar workers and blue-collar workers.8–10
Comparison of metabolic syndrome and related factors in married pre-menopausal white- and blue-collar woman
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Seungmi Park, Chul-Gyu Kim, Youngji Kim
Metabolic syndrome consists of a combination of abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia and has become a global health concern. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is also increasing in South Korea as people’s diets become more westernized, containing more carbohydrates and fat.1 A recent study showed that, in South Korea, 13.5% of males, 8.7% of females, and 11.3% of South Korean adults (>19 years old) overall had metabolic syndrome.2 In addition, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal women in South Korea was estimated to be 11.4% in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).3