China
Africa
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Work stress induced weight gain in construction
Published in Imriyas Kamardeen, Work Stress Induced Chronic Diseases in Construction, 2021
World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) defined overweight and obesity as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the body that may impair health. It is commonly measured by body mass index (BMI), a ratio of weight-to-height of a person, in which the weight in kilograms is divided by the square of the height (kg/m2). An individual with a BMI ≥ 25 is classified overweight whilst the one with a BMI ≥ 30 is considered obese. Ritchie and Roser (2019) claimed that 13% of adults in the world today are obese and another 39% are overweight. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2019) warned that overweight, particularly obesity, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and certain cancers. Obesity is also a leading risk factor for early death; 4.7 million global deaths (8%) were linked to obesity in 2017 (Ritchie and Roser 2019).
Articular Cartilage Pathology and Therapies
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Obesity is a special risk factor as it covers lifestyle, genetics, and biomechanics. Obesity has been strongly linked to osteoarthritis, especially in the knee (Felson et al. 1988; Davis et al. 1990; Hart et al. 1999; Al-Arfaj 2002; Browning and Kram 2007). In obesity, changes in the adduction moment with increasing weight result in abnormal and excessive loading. Obesity in some cases has a strong genetic cause. For example, systemic metabolic effects due to genetic conditions can result in an increased incidence of osteoarthritis. However, leptin-deficient mice (high body weight and body fat percentage) do not have increases in the incidence of osteoarthritis (Griffin et al. 2009). Interestingly, obesity and articular cartilage degradation in non-weight-bearing joints (e.g., hand) are also linked (Carman et al. 1994), indicating that a component of this degeneration is not necessarily biomechanically driven. Current thought is the increased osteoarthritis incidence is linked to the increased presence of inflammatory processes. While injury may alter the biomechanics of the joint through various mechanisms (described below) injuries also alter other facets of joint biology.
Alkaloids potential health Benefits and toxicity
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Renée A. Street, Gerhard Prinsloo, Lyndy J. McGaw
Obesity is a complex chronic condition in which excess body fat accumulates into adipocytes, leading to adverse metabolic effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, an increased risk for type 2 diabetes T2DM, coronary heart disease and hypertension (Choi et al. 2014, WHO 2016). In obesity, there is an increase in the number of differentiated mature cells, which are regulated by genetic and environmental factors. The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in both the developed and developing world (Choi et al. 2014). In 2014, nearly 2 billion adults worldwide were overweight (39 per cent of adults 18+) and, of these, more than half a billion were obese. In Americas, Europe and Eastern Mediterranean regions, 50 per cent of women are overweight and 25 per cent of these are obese. Obesity is, however, more prevalent in low and lower middle-income countries with more women obese than men (WHO 2016). Screening natural products for anti-obesity potential is important in the search for treatment of this worldwide disease (Choi et al. 2014). The fruits of Piper retrofractum have been used for their anti-flatulent, expectorant, antitussive, antifungal and appetizing properties in traditional medicine, and they are reported to possess gastroprotective and cholesterol-lowering properties. Piperidine alkaloids from Piper retrofractum, namely piperine, pipernonaline and dehydropipernonaline were isolated as anti-obesity constituents of this plant (Kim et al. 2011).
A novel neural network method using radial basis function for effective assessment of stiffness index on lumbar disc degenerative subjects
Published in Automatika, 2023
C. K. Sreeja, V. N. Meena Devi, M. K. Aneesh
Osteoarthritis stiffness causes pain when the bones are rubbed against each other. Wearing down of the disc occurs on ageing which is a normal process. Most people have disc degeneration after the age of 40 but not with pain. Low back pain is a leading severe health problem, which finally results in hospitalization and increased risk of the financial burden for its treatment and management [1]. Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD), which includes disc herniation [2], spinal column stenosis, spondylosis and spondylolisthesis, is the major reasons for disability. The onset and progression of LDD is influenced by genetics, lack of physical exercise, changes in body composition, a high BMI, unbalanced food, body weight, stress, obesity and poor vascular supply and the like. Over the past few decades, obesity has become an independent predictor of back pain and its intensity, which is linked to degenerative discs in the lower back, sciatica and other lumbar disorders [3].
The association between outdoor light at night exposure and adult obesity in Northeastern China
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Yu-Jie Xu, Zhong-Yue Xie, Yan-Chen Gong, Le-Bing Wang, Yin-Yu Xie, Li-Zi Lin, Xiao-Wen Zeng, Bo-Yi Yang, Wangjian Zhang, Ru-Qing Liu, Li-Wen Hu, Gongbo Chen, Guang-Hui Dong
Obesity, a global public health issue, is a major risk factor of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (Swinburn, Kraak, et al. 2019). Numerous studies have revealed that obesity is associated with various health outcomes including cancer, type 2 diabetes, mental disorder, cardiovascular disease and reduction in life span (Haslam and James 2005). An estimated 39% of people suffered from overweight/obesity worldwide in 2016 (Vos 2020). In China, the number of obese adults is growing rapidly in recent years, with the number in 2018 more than three times of that in 2004, reaching 85 million (Wang et al. 2021). Obesity/overweight not only brings serious physiological and psychological changes in individuals, but also causes a huge burden on country economics. It is estimated that China spent 24.35 billion Yuan annually on the total medical expenses of overweight and obesity (Qin and Pan 2016). It seems that obesity is caused by the imbalance of energy intake and consumption (de Bont J et al. 2019), but the driving factors are complex. In addition to some better-known risk factors, studies have linked obesity with environmental factors such as exposure to light at night (LAN) (Fonken and RJ 2014; Ling and Rönn 2019; Fleury et al. 2020).
Injury patterns among national-level athletes in Lebanon: a retrospective study
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Lana El Osta, Abdo El Helou, Habib Aimé Hatem, Nada El Osta
Participants who consume chronic medications have chronic medical problems that make them more susceptible to injury. This is an interesting finding, and has been justified in several studies: obesity was associated with an increased risk for musculoskeletal injuries, which was explained by the deleterious effects of obesity on soft connective tissue structures such as cartilage and tendons. Complications from prolonged diabetes affect the development patterns of sports injuries (Wilder & Cicchetti, 2009). Multiple endocrine abnormalities and rheumatic diseases may affect the musculoskeletal system leading to sports injuries (Jennings et al., 2008). A greater prevalence of menstrual disturbances was also associated with a greater likelihood of injury (Bennell & Crossley, 1996). A special attention should be paid to athletes with chronic diseases.