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Herbal Therapies
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
H. Shahrul, M. L. Tan, A. H. Auni, S. R. Nur, S. M. N. Nurul
Cardiovascular disease remains as major cause of death worldwide. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) comprise coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, heart failure and related diseases. CVDs cause the death of an average17.9 million people every year, constituting 31% of all global deaths. Most of the CVD related deaths are related to heart attacks and strokes (WHO, 2018). Epidemiological studies reported risk factors such as environment and genetic origin were linked to atherosclerosis, namely increased blood pressure, elevated fasting blood glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, central obesity, smoking and sedentary lifestyle (Hajar, 2017; Smith, 2007). A major complication is the development of atherosclerotic plaque that results in myocardial infarction, a multiple consequence of foam cells formation, oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), production of free radicals, and disruption of endothelial function in artery.
Predicting the Biomechanics of the Aorta Using Ultrasound
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Cardiovascular Imaging and Image Analysis, 2018
Mansour AlOmran, Alexander Emmott, Richard L. Leask, Kevin Lachapelle
Traditionally, PWV has only been used over longer arterial segments, as its accuracy deteriorates over shorter segments [52]. PWV also requires high-fidelity instruments for accurate, precise readings of the waveforms [51]. Other caveats to consider are that the femoral waveform is difficult to record in obese individuals, and in the presence of peripheral vascular disease or tortuous vessels [79, 95]. Also, the presence of central obesity or a large chest size could complicate distance measurement [95]. Additionally, investigators studying central inaccessible vessels might be forced to compromise by using the nearest superficial artery to measure a surrogate waveform [52].
Terpenoids Against Cardiovascular Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
It is a well-confirmed fact that diet can have a direct effect on standard physiological performance in addition to pathologies such as CVDs, obesity, diabetes and hypertension (Maurer et al. 2009). The frequency of CVD varies, for instance, from 10% to 18% in Northern European countries as compared to 2% to 10% in Southern European countries (Keys et al. 1986). According to the World Health Organisation, in recent years numerous scientists have accredited, at least in part, the contrast in death rates between different countries of the world to the fully divergent dietary routines of the populations. The intake of nutrients and energy in diets of Southern European countries and Northern European countries are similar and a surplus of total energy is supplied to a large extent by protein and fat at the cost of carbohydrates (Saura-Calixto and Goni, 2009). Nonetheless, fat intake differs between Northern and Southern European countries. One dietary difference according to a study by Naska et al. (2006) is that the consumption of fresh red meats and olive oil is more common in Southern European countries than in Northern European countries, where processed meat commodities are preferred. The overindulgence of a Westernised, maladaptive diet comprising foods that are rich in calories, deficient in nutrients, phytochemically reduced and largely processed and easily absorbed has been shown to decrease insulin sensitivity and enhance insulin insensitivity (Fito et al. 2007). Metabolic syndrome is defined physiologically as a state comprising a collection of metabolic abnormalities such as glucose intolerance, central obesity and dyslipidaemia and occurs with nutritional patterns such as chronic ingestion (Viuda-Martos et al. 2010). Consequently, these are all autonomic risk factors for the prognosis of CVD or type 2 diabetes (Moller and Kaufman, 2005).
Interplay between rotational work shift and high altitude-related chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on cardiovascular health and sleep quality in Chilean miners
Published in Ergonomics, 2020
Camila Pizarro-Montaner, Jorge Cancino-Lopez, Alvaro Reyes-Ponce, Marcelo Flores-Opazo
Central obesity; i.e. increased fat deposition in the abdominal (subcutaneous) and visceral areas of the trunk, increases the risk for metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular events (Capurso and Capurso 2012; Gami et al. 2007; Ouchi et al. 2011). Studies reported WHR as best marker expressing central adiposity and, therefore, better to determine the cardiovascular risk associated with metabolic alterations compared with other markers of body fat distribution such as BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (Lee et al. 2008; Molarius and Seidell 1998; Vasquez et al. 2019). In general terms, a WHR >0.5 has been considered indicative of high cardiometabolic risk (Ashwell, Gunn, and Gibson 2012). Recently, a study reported reference values for WC and WHR in a cohort of 4788 Chilean aged 15–75 years old (Lopez-Legarrea et al. 2017). We utilised the p50 cut-off value (WHR ≥ 0.55) for the 25–45-year age range in men as indicative of high cardiovascular risk in our cohort of miners. The proportion of miners with WHR >0.55 was similar in comparison with the general population in Chile at the same age range. No differences were found in WHR between RWS and RWS-CIHH groups (Table 1). However, a higher proportion of miners in RWS-CIHH group had WHR ≥ 0.55 than RWS group (45.3% vs 25%). A lower PAL at work in RWS-CIHH could be related to a higher WHR ≥ 0.55 in that group.
The effect of low-volume high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic health and psychological responses in overweight/obese middle-aged men
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Eric Tsz-Chun Poon, Jonathan Peter Little, Cindy Hui-Ping Sit, Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
Participants’ height was measured using a stadiometer (Seca, Leicester). Body weight, BMI and body fat percentage were determined by a multi-frequency segmental body composition analyser (MC-780 MA, Tanita, Japan) after voiding bladder. To indicate central obesity, waist circumference (i.e., narrowest part of the waist) was measured with an anthropometric tape (ACSM, 2017). Blood pressure was measured using a clinical automatic blood pressure monitor (M7 Intelli IT, Omron, Japan). Participants rested for 10 minutes in a quiet place (seated position) before taking the measurement. The cuff was placed around participants’ brachial artery (left arm). Two readings (with 1-min interval) of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were averaged.
Association of leisure time and occupational physical activity with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Chile
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Fanny Petermann-Rocha, Rosemary E. Brown, Ximena Diaz-Martínez, Ana M. Leiva, María A. Martinez, Felipe Poblete-Valderrama, Alex Garrido-Méndez, Carlos Matus-Castillo, Cristian Luarte-Rocha, Carlos Salas-Bravo, Claudia Troncoso-Pantoja, Antonio García-Hermoso, Robinson Ramírez-Vélez, Jaime A. Vásquez-Gómez, Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Cristian Alvarez, Carlos Celis-Morales
Weight was measured by a digital scale (Tanita HD-313®) and height with a height rod in their home, with participants not wearing shoes and in light clothing through standardized methods and by trained nurses or midwives, as described elsewhere (MINSAL, 2010). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight/height2 and classified using g the World Health Organization criteria (normal: 18.5 to 24.9 kg.m−2; overweight: 25.0 to 29.9 kg.m−2; obese: ≥30 kg.m−2 (WHO, 1998). Underweight individuals were not included in this study. Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference (WC) >88 cm for women and >102 cm for men (MINSAL, 2010).