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Nanotechnology and Probiotics
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Natália Cruz-Martins, Biogenic Nanomaterials, 2023
Francine Schütz, Sofia Pinheiro, Rita Oliveira, Pedro Barata
On the other side, probiotic intervention has proven useful in the adjunctive treatment and prevention of various GI diseases, i.e., irritable bowel syndrome (Didari et al., 2015), necrotizing enterocolitis (Thomas et al., 2017), inflammatory bowel disease (Derwa et al., 2017), prophylaxis of Helicobacter pylori infection (Chakravarty and Gaur, 2019), constipation (Martínez-Martínez et al., 2017), antibiotic-associated diarrhea (Mantegazza et al., 2018), radiotherapy-induced diarrhea (Qiu et al., 2019), Clostridium diffcile-associated diarrhea (Hudson et al., 2019) and travelers’ diarrhea (McFarland and Goh, 2019). Additionally, probiotic intervention has proven beneficial for preventing and treating allergic disorders, such as eczema (Akelma and Topçu, 2016), at the same time that improves symptoms and the quality-of-life of allergic rhinitis patients (Zajac et al., 2015). Moreover, the administration of probiotics during the prenatal period and/or breastfeeding mothers and their infants during the postnatal period has been associated with a decreased incidence of eczema in children (Sohn and Underwood, 2017). In addition, some evidence has also shown that children with cow’s milk allergy demonstrate symptom relief following probiotics supplementation (Tan-Lim and Esteban-Ipac, 2017).
Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Om Prakash Katare, Eliana B. Souto, NanoAgroceuticals & NanoPhytoChemicals, 2018
Sumit Sharma, V.R. Sinha, Amita Sarwal, Rahul Shukla
Vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, is used to treat severe intestinal infections like pseudo-membranous colitis and enterocolitis caused by pathogenic bacteria like Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus. The problem associated with this drug is its acidic degradation in the stomach and hence lesser availability of active drug at the infection site, that is, ileo-caecal and colonic regions. Chitosan nanoparticles have demonstrated promising colonic delivery with improved antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus. The smaller size of chitosan particles provides a larger surface area and better mucoadhesion due to improved electrostatic interactions of sulfonic acid and sialic acid of mucin and amino groups of chitosan. It has also been observed that nanoparticles obtained from spray-drying are of spherical shape and smooth architecture with greater encapsulation efficiency compared with particles obtained from the freeze-drying process. In vitro release studies revealed that chitosan nanoparticles prepared by ionic gelation with molar ratio of chitosan:tripolyphosphate as 8:1.5 and processed by spray-drying, had the ability to control the release of vancomycin. The percentage fractional amount released at pH 7.4 was found to be approximately 35% after 6 h, whereas it was approximately 4% at pH 2.0 (Cerchiara et al., 2015).
Orthopaedic Implant–Associated Infections: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation and Management
Published in Huiliang Cao, Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices, 2017
The clinical presentation depends on the type of PJI, which is summarised in Table 13.3. Acute PJIs occurring after haematogenous seeding from the bloodstream are typically preceded by a systemic infection such as sepsis, skin and soft-tissue infection, pneumonia or enterocolitis (Maderazo et al. 1988; Samra et al. 1986; Sendi et al. 2011b). However, the first signs may also be new-onset joint pain, initially without local inflammation after a clinically asymptomatic bacteremia (Widmer et al. 1990a). Only one-third of the patients have a sepsis syndrome. However, in most patients, the C-reactive protein (CRP) is >75 mg/L (Sendi et al. 2011a). The most frequent etiologic agents are S. aureus, haemolytic streptococci and Gram-negative bacilli (Rodriguez-Pardo et al. 2014; Sendi et al. 2011b; Zimmerli et al. 2004).
Thermogram classification using deep siamese network for neonatal disease detection with limited data
Published in Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 2022
This study proposes an efficient method of classifying neonatal diseases with a thermal image dataset, which includes a few sample data from each class, using one-shot learning with SNN approaches to obtain information about object categories with fewer data. For the automatic classification of diseases, a 1340-image dataset consisting of 20 images for each of 67 newborns kept under observation and treatment in the NICU was used. The study was performed with newborn images from seven different classes as cardiovascular anomalies (13 neonates), oesophageal atresia (five neonates), infection diseases (four neonates), intestinal atresia (four neonates), necrotising enterocolitis (six neonates), prematurity (17 neonates), and pulmonary anomalies (18 neonates). Parameter optimisation was performed with ‘Adam’ and ‘layer-based stochastic gradient descent (LB-SGD)’ optimiser techniques [37,38] in D-SNNs. The results were then compared. In addition, the application was conducted with and without DA to observe the effects of expanding the amount of data.
Involvement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the occurrence of community and hospital acquired diarrhea, and its virulence diversity among the stool and the environmental samples
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Parisa Fakhkhari, Elahe Tajeddin, Masoumeh Azimirad, Siavosh Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi, Ahya Abdi-Ali, Bahram Nikmanesh, Babak Eshrati, Mohammad Mehdi Gouya, Parviz Owlia, Mohammad Reza Zali, Masoud Alebouyeh
P. aeruginosa is an environmental opportunistic pathogen that can cause several infections, such as acute nosocomial infections, necrotizing pneumonia, urinary tracts infections, eyes and ears infections. Bloodstream, the respiratory and urinary tracts are the most common infection sites in the patients (Bassetti et al. 2018). Although P. aeruginosa is not main cause of diarrhea, its involvement in occurrence of diarrhea was reported in several cases (Kim et al. 2001). P. aeruginosa can cause diarrhea in patients with prolonged antibiotic exposure. The gastrointestinal tract is not common infection site of P. aeruginosa, but role of this bacterium in the occurrence of diarrhea in children with no pre-existing disease is not negligible. Generally, gastrointestinal infections caused by P. aeruginosa are classified into four groups: Shanghai fever (enteric infections and sepsis), enterocolitis, infectious diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) (Chuang et al. 2017).
Probiotics for humans: hoax, hype, hope, or help
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Julian Crane, Christine Barthow, Janice Kang, Fiona Hood, Thorsten Stanley, Kristin Wickens
Some 2,500 papers on a variety of probiotic topics are currently published annually. The purpose of this article is not to provide a detailed or extensive review of probiotics (there have been at least 3000 in the last five years), but rather to: Outline a brief history of their use in human healthExplore some of the more controversial strands of the evidence supporting the clinical effectiveness, of probiotics in the prevention or treatment of two human gut diseases, necrotising enterocolitis and Clostridiodes difficile infection.Outline the New Zealand experience with two probiotics in the prevention of allergic disease and gestational diabetes, DefinitionsThe current widely accepted definition of a probiotic supported by the World Health Organisation defines them as ‘live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host’ (Schlundt 2001). The definition includes a wide variety of microorganisms with an emphasis on their being viable and conferring some health benefit. The term probiotic is credited to Werner Kollath in 1953, a German bacteriologist, hygienist and food scientist who used the term to refer to active substances essential for the healthy development of life (Vergin 1954). Werner specifically contrasted probiotics with antibiotics, which were of course the subject of considerable new research interest in the 1940s and then as now, the majority of antibiotics originate from substances produced by one microbe that either destroy or inhibit the growth of other microbes. The concept that one microorganism might counteract another (in a useful, ‘healthful’ way) has a longer and extensive history and might be argued to be the real birth of the ‘idea’ of probiotics. Pasteur and Joubert showed for example in 1877 that Anthrax could be prevented in animals by exposing them to other bacteria and even the bacterial growth medium without the bacteria themselves (reviewed by Waksman, SA (Waksman 1941)). A number of publications in the late 1800s and the early 1900s showed that a wide variety of microbes, both bacteria and fungi were capable of producing potent substances that could kill and or inhibit the growth of many pathogenic microorganisms. This evidence was reviewed in 1940 by Waksman and Woodruff (Waksman and Woodruff 1940) and their work laid much of the foundation for the future development of a variety of antibiotics including the use of the term antibiotic. Thus the history of the use of microbes to improve human and animal health encompasses both the extraction of specific compounds from microbes (antibiotics) and the use of whole living microbes to improve health (probiotics), with the latter having a wider beneficial effect than simply antagonising other microbes through chemical manipulation.