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Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Crohn’s Disease
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Robert M. Craig, Richard K. Burt
Crohn’s disease is an immune-mediated disease. An autoimmune etiology remains controversial and unproven. No intestinal self antigen (initiating or spread epitope) has been identified. On the other hand, several animal gene knockout models suggest that inflammatory bowel disease may be a result of immune dsyregulation between Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Deficiency of multiple Th2 cytokines (such as IL-10, IL-2, TGF-β) may cause colitis. Interleukin-10 deficient mice develop acute and chronic colitis.22 IL-2 deficient,23 double mutant IL-2 and IL-4 deficient, and transforming growth factor beta deficient24 mice develop colitis. When raised in a germ free environment, these gene knockout mice remain disease free. Animal models demonstrate the need for both cytokine imbalance and gut bacterial flora as disease triggers. Infusion of the T cell subset CD4+ CD45 RBhigh into SCID mice causes colitis.25 When raised in a germ free environment, CD4+ CD45 RBhigh SCID mice do not develop disease.26 Infusion of the normal broad T cell repertoire or treatment with IL-10 or anti-Th1 antibodies into a CD4+CDRBhigh SCID mouse induces remission of colitis.25
Sedation, analgesia and patient observation in interventional radiology
Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017
Jeffrey E. Quam, Michael A. Bettmann
The gastrointestinal tract contains the second-highest number of opioid receptors. Systemic narcotics can cause several hazardous GI side-effects due to agonism at these mu-2-receptors. Initially, the overall resting tone of Gl-tract smooth muscle is slightly increased, but eventually this is replaced by hypotonia or atony. There is also a decrease in the frequency and effectiveness of rhythmic, propulsive peristaltic waves. This effect is particularly important in patients on long-term narcotics (e.g. intensive-care unit (ICU) patients, chronic pain patients), who may develop obstructive constipation. Special consideration must also be given to patients with active ulcerative colitis, in whom the bowel stasis and atony may lead to bowel distension and the development of toxic megacolon.
A new Cu(II)-based coordination polymer: protective activity against ulcerative colitis via regulating the level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Wen-Xiao Chen, Liu Chen, Jie Sun, Ying Li
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon. Only in the United States, there will be 9 to 12 cases in 100,000 persons affected by the ulcerative colitis every year.[1,2] And the annual incidence in less developed nations is much higher than that in USA.[3] Many studies suggest that intestinal local mucosal immune dysfunction or losing of normal immune function lead to the occurrence of ulcerative colitis (UC).[4] In recent years, the important role of cytokines in the development of UC has been recognized. It is believed that the imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors promotes inflammation of the mucosa, and accelerates the occurrence of chronic inflammation.[5]