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Nanotechnologies Assemblies of siRNA and Chemotherapeutic Drugs Codelivered for Cancer Therapeutic Applications
Published in Loutfy H. Madkour, Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment, 2022
Colorectal cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide, and its incidence is increasing as its prognosis remains poor. In addition to the primary surgical procedure, which removes primary and regional tumors and lymph nodes by open surgical resection, colorectal cancer therapy also includes chemotherapy, local ablation by radiation therapy, and targeted therapy, especially for patients with hepatic metastasis or recurrent colon cancer. Currently, different multidrug combinations that combine agents with proven anticancer activity, such as 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine, have been used for colorectal cancer therapy in the clinic [147–150]. As a biologically active metabolite derived from the irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11), SN-38 (7-ethyl-10- hydroxycamptothecin) exhibits approximately 1000-fold higher cytotoxicity against various cancer cells compared with CPT-11 [151]. However, the clinical application of SN-38 is limited by its poor solubility in pharmaceutically acceptable media. To overcome this problem, several drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been designed for efficient delivery of SN-38, such as nanoparticles [152,153], liposomes [154], carbon nanotubes [155], and polymeric micelles [156,157].
Telescopes for Inner Space: Fiber Optics and Endoscopes
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
For example, presently colon cancer screening is mainly accomplished by regular endoscopic exams. For colon cancer prevention, persons over age 50 are recommended to undergo regular exams on a regular schedule, performed with either sigmoidoscopes, which can only access the outermost regions of the large intestine, or colonoscopes, which can see along its entire length. (Two other x-ray screening methods for colon cancer – double-contrast barium studies and computerized tomography (CT) or virtual colonoscopy – are discussed in Chapter 5.) While not a comfortable prospect, these exams are fast and can be done as an outpatient procedure using sedation only. The colonoscopy allows the physician to examine the walls of the colon for precancerous growths, and to biopsy and remove them in one step using, for example, the snares and forceps described above. The documented success of this regimen means that many cases of potential or actual colon cancer can either be prevented or cured through early detection.
Adaptive Pillar K Means Algorithm To Detect Colon Cancer From Biopsy Samples
Published in T. Kishore Kumar, Ravi Kumar Jatoth, V. V. Mani, Electronics and Communications Engineering, 2019
B. Saroja, A. Selwin Mich Priyadharson
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in modern and industrialized world. About half a million people die every year worldwide due to colon cancer.1 Colorectal cancer (CRC) (also known as colon cancer, rectal cancer, or bowel cancer) is the cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system. It arises from accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations, which provide a basis for the analysis of stool to identify tumor-specific changes.2 Most cases of colon cancer begin as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps. Over time, some of these polyps become colon cancers. The primary reason of colon cancer is chain smoking, but there are some other reasons of colon cancer, such as family history of colon cancer, increasing age, and unbalanced diet, like diets with low consumption of fruits/vegetables and heavy consumption of meat.3 It is the development of cancer in the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.4
Detection of Colon Cancer Using Image Processing
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2023
P. Radhakrishnan, A. Anbarasi, K. Srujan Raju, B. V. Sai Thrinath
The highest mortality rate of any illness is cancer. Each of the many different types of cancer has unique traits, including how it manifests and how it is treated. Colon cancer typically starts in the large intestine. Colon cancer progresses through four stages. It is in the fourth and final stage when the cancer has spread to other body parts. Colon cancer is the second-most lethal type of cancer in Americans. People are more likely to develop colon cancer as they get older. In the vast majority of cases, patients diagnosed are typically people over 50. Cancer cannot be attributed to just one or two particular causes. Obesity, alcohol usage, smoking, and a family history of the disease are just a few of the prevalent variables that might result in colon cancer. In the beginning, there were no symptoms. One of the signs is blood in the stool, which is also present together with altered bowel habits, unexplained weight loss, and ongoing stomach pain. Many screening techniques and treatments are available. The most popular screening procedure looks for hidden blood in the stool. After screening, staging is used to determine whether cancer has spread. Staging describes MRI and CT imaging diagnosis. Different patients require various treatments, depending on the size and aggressiveness of the cancer. However, colonoscopy is the most popular colon cancer treatment. According to medical professionals, after the age of 45, regular checkups are advised.
Cytotoxicity of Sarcosphaera crassa and Tricholoma terreum extracts on colon cancer cell line (HT-29) in conjunction with their antioxidant properties
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
The colorectal cancer is the most malignant tumor with very high morbidity and mortality rates, and poor prognosis (Shengtao et al. 2012). Colon cancer is considered as a preventable disease (Giovannucci 2002). However, it seems to be that, there is no decline in the incidence of colon cancer, and many of the risk factors associated with colon cancer prevail (Milner et al. 2001). Considering the continuous need for effective anticancer agents, medicinal plants might be an inexhaustible source of anticancer drugs in terms of both variety and mechanism of action. Mushroom extracts can be used in combination with traditional chemotherapy or used as alternative sources for adjuvant cancer therapy, as some of these extracts have no adverse effects and activate the cells of the immune system (Barros et al. 2007a). The bioactive compounds of mushrooms may complement classical cancer therapy and counter the side-effects of cancer, such as nausea, bone marrow suppression, anemia, and lowered resistance (Patel and Goyal 2012)
Adaptive pillar K-means clustering-based colon cancer detection from biopsy samples with outliers
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
B. Saroja, A. SelwinMich Priyadharson
The significant signs and symptoms of colon cancer may incorporate blood in the stool, an adjustment in bowel movements, weight reduction, and feeling tired constantly. CRC creates and advances as an outcome of abnormal cellular, atomic changes (Leung et al. 2007), many of which result in mutant DNA. For inspecting those progressions modern molecular systems are accessible by analysing individual patient hereditary data that attribute risk, predict result and/or modify an approach to deal with treatment (Carethers 2014). Additionally screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) is an exceptionally successful mediation that substantially decreases cancer-specific mortality by recognising early stage CRC and premalignant lesions (Itzkowitz et al. 2007, 2008; Skally et al. 2013). The DNA stool test is another procedure which searches for certain gene changes that are now found in colon cancer cells. Like other colon cancer screening tests, it can discover some colon cancers early, before symptoms develop, when they are likely to be simpler to treat. Some of the screening tests find developments called polyps with the goal that they can be assessed before they turn into cancer which means screening can sometimes prevent colon cancer altogether.