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Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Examples of highly infectious faecal–oral pathogens that have a high probability of causing infection and possibly illness from a very low dose (as few as one ingested microorganism) are the human noroviruses and rotaviruses. For these viruses the 50 per cent infectious doses (doses for which the probability of infection are about 50:50 or 50 per cent based on human volunteer studies) are perhaps one or a few virus particles (Ward et al., 1986; Teunis et al., 2008). Other faecal–oral microorganisms with relatively high infectivity (high probability of infection at relatively low doses) are some strains of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum and some enteric bacteria that cause dysentery, such as Shigella species and enterohemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli, for which 50 per cent infectious doses are in the range of 10–100 microorganisms. In contrast, some other faecal–oral pathogens are relatively low in infectivity, such as certain species of Salmonella bacteria, for which the 50 per cent infectious doses for different species are >1000 microorganisms based on human volunteer studies (Teunis et al., 1996; Haas et al., 1999). However, compilation of data from careful and timely epidemiological investigations of foodborne and waterborne outbreaks suggest that some species and strains of Salmonella are infectious and have the potential to cause disease at relatively low doses of between 10 and 100 microorganisms (Food and Drug Administration, 2012).
Health Aspects of Using Reclaimed Water in Engineering Projects
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Bacillary dysentery is usually caused by Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei, while the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica is responsible for amoebic dysentery and amoebic hepatitis. Amoebic dysentery is normally present with a bloody diarrheal stool, lower abdominal pain, and mild fever. Usually, the disease exhibits a subacute or a chronic sickness.
Prevalence of water-related diseases and groundwater (drinking-water) contamination in the suburban municipality of Mont Ngafula, Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019
Michel L. Kapembo, Dhafer Mohammed M. Al Salah, Florian Thevenon, Amandine Laffite, Mathieu K. Bokolo, Crispin K. Mulaji, Pius T. Mpiana, John Poté
The data obtained from the health institutions at N’djili Kilambu concerning the prevalence of the disease for the period of 2013-2017 are reported in Table 2. The average prevalence rate of the disease from 2013 to 2017 shows that 61% of people suffered from waterborne diseases, which is further broken down into: 11% diarrhea; 7% gastroenteritis disorders; 5% typhoid fever; 5% amebic dysentery; 4% filariasis; less than 1% cholera and others. According to the interviewed health authorities, the periods of recrudescence of waterborne diseases generally occur during the wet (rainy) periods. The management of the fight against the disease.[20] has already shown the seasonal influence on the prevalence of waterborne diseases in tropical countries, since the number of cholera cases is often multiplied by two or three during the rainy season compared to the dry season. The greater risk of disease outbreak during the wet season is explained by the increased contamination of water by runoff water.[21]
Association of aflatoxin exposure and height-for-age among young children in Guatemala
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Lee E. Voth-Gaeddert, Matthew Stoker, Olga Torres, Daniel B. Oerther
Finally, EED is a broadly defined term within the literature and is associated with intestinal health. Several definitions have been provided, but consensus is yet to be reached within the research community. Furthermore, many biomarkers have been used in an attempt to capture in part or in whole the manifestation of the concept of EED. This study builds on prior published work which attempts to propose a set of symptom-based questions, similar to the aflatoxin symptoms above, constructed by local and international medical professionals, to capture the concept of EED in a survey format (Voth-Gaeddert et al., 2018). Questions given on the survey were related to the gastrointestinal problems of the child. These symptoms included: prevalence of diarrhea, incidence of diarrhea, incidence of dysentery, intestinal discomfort, and the most common illnesses within the household (Korpe and Petri 2012). In this study, the name ‘EED symptom latent’ is used to identify the combination of questions when factor analysis is applied (see below) and ‘EED symptom composite’ is used to identify these sets of questions when the responses are summed.
Hydrology, water quality and trophic state of Pergau Reservoir, Kelantan, Malaysia
Published in Water Science, 2023
Wan Ruslan Ismail, Mohamad Adam Omar, Zullyadini A. Rahaman, Sumayyah Aimi Mohd Najib, Amir Shah Ruddin MD Sah, Azwin Abdul Razad
The total coliform (TC) bacteria test is the most basic test for bacterial contamination of a water supply. TC counts provide a general indication of a water supply’s sanitary quality (Wright, Gundry, & Conroy, 2004). Bacteria found in the soil, water impacted by surface water, and human or animal waste are all included in the total coliform. It is not pathogenic in individual samples, but it is a good indicator of pathogenic microorganisms. According to Khan et al. (2013), typhoid fever, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, dysentery, and ear infections can all result from drinking water with high levels of total coliform. The unit for the TC counts is known as colonies forming units per 100 ml of sample (CFU/100 ml).