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Solvent Exposure and Toxic Responses
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Phenols are aromatic hydrocarbons with one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the benzene ring. The simplest of the compounds is phenol, which contains only one hydroxyl group on a benzene ring. Other examples include cresol (methyl phenol), catechol (1,2-benzenediol), resorcinol (1,3-benzenediol), and hydroquinone (1,4-benzenediol). Phenol is used as a cleaning agent and disinfectant, but its primary use is as a chemical intermediate for resins and pharmaceuticals. Cresol is used primarily as a disinfectant. Catechol is used in photography, fur dying, leather tanning, and as a chemical intermediate. Resorcinol is used as a chemical intermediate for adhesives, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Hydroquinone is used in photography, as a polymerization inhibitor, and as an antioxidant.
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Phenols are aromatic hydrocarbons with one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the benzene ring. The simplest of the compounds is phenol, which contains only one hydroxyl group on a benzene ring. Other examples include cresol (methyl phenol), catechol (1,2-benzenediol), resorcinol (1,3-benzenediol), and hydroquinone (1,4-benzenediol). Phenol is used as a cleaning agent and disinfectant, but its primary use is as a chemical intermediate for resins and pharmaceuticals. Cresol is used primarily as a disinfectant. Catechol is used in photography, fur dying, leather tanning, and as a chemical intermediate. Resorcinol is used as a chemical intermediate for adhesives, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Hydroquinone is used in photography, as a polymerization inhibitor, and as an antioxidant.
Ashless Phosphorus–Containing Lubricating Oil Additives
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Lubricant Additives, 2017
The raw material for the manufacture of triaryl phosphates was originally obtained from the destructive distillation of coal. This process yields coal tar, which is a complex mixture of phenol and alkyl phenols including cresols (methylphenols) and xylenols (dimethylphenols). Distillation of this mixture (sometimes known as cresylic acids) produces feedstocks rich in cresols and xylenols, which are then converted into the neutral phosphate. An early patent on the production of triaryl phosphates from tar acids was issued in 1932 [26].
Mechanistic Insight into the Degradation Pathways of P-cresol in Ozonation, Peroxone, and Ozone-persulfate Process
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2021
Su-Huan Kow, Muhammad Ridwan Fahmi, Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin, Soon-an Ong
Being the hazardous contaminants in water and wastewater, p-Cresol poses significant negative effects on living organisms and the environment (Alharbi et al. 2018). p-Cresol is a persistent organic pollutant, group C (possible human carcinogens) priority pollutant, and is also a contaminant of emerging concern in water and wastewater. It could cause harm to living organisms by affecting their organs and the central nervous system (Persico & Napoliani, 2014). The widespread of p-cresol in the environment is mainly contributed by its high involvement in industries and household products (Wei et al. 2016). Aside from causing harm in living organisms, the presence of p-cresol also deteriorates water quality and surrounding air quality (Zhu and Kolar 2014).
Effective p-cresol removal through catalytic liquid-phase oxidation under moderate conditions using Pt/CeO2-ZrO2-SnO2/SBA-16 as a catalyst
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2020
Abdul Rohman Supandi, Naoyoshi Nunotani, Nobuhito Imanaka
Over recent decades, the use of phenolic compounds in industrial processes has been expanded by reason of the vital precursors in many strategic chemical reactions [1–3]. Consequently, phenolic compounds have become known as pollutants frequently encountered in the wastewater of many industries. Among these phenols, cresols (o-, m-, p-cresol) are widely employed by various manufacturers, including petrochemical, refinery, and coking plants [4–6]. Among their direct applications, saponated cresol disinfectant has been used in medical, livestock-related, and industrial environments. Since they are reported to be accumulated in the ground water, removal of cresols from wastewater streams is crucial [5–7]. Among the three cresol isomers, p-cresol has the highest toxicity and causes heart, kidney, and liver damage [8–10]. In addition, p-cresol has a greater permeability effect on skin than the other cresols [11]. This makes p-cresol the priority pollutant to be removed from the wastewater streams of various industries.
Chemical stabilization of polymers: Implications for dermal exposure to additives
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
N. Bartsch, M. Girard, L. Schneider, V. Van De Weijgert, A. Wilde, O. Kappenstein, B. Vieth, C. Hutzler, A. Luch
Most phenol-based additives included in this study are derivatives of p-cresol (cf. Fig. 1). This potential degradation product was therefore included in the MRM multimethod, along with four structurally-related degradation products, and evaluated further (Table 2). Cresol is harmful to health after absorption through skin or swallowing [24] and thus of toxicological relevance. Since phenol derivatives are known degradation products of several antioxidants,[25] the occurrence of cresol and its derivatives after skin contact with LDPE 1 and LDPE 2 was monitored in human epidermis. Of all derivatives investigated, only 2-t-butyl-p-cresol was present in the skin layers after incubation with the polymers. Its distribution within human epidermis and other compartments of the Franz cell is shown in Figure 6. Being embedded in LDPE in the form of antioxidant precursors, 2-t-butyl-p-cresol penetrated the skin at up to 55 ng cm−2 after a contact time of 24 h (Fig. 6, sum of s.c., epidermis, receptor fluid LDPE 2). While the major part remained in the outermost five layers of the s.c. (strip 1–5) and in the rest of the epidermal tissue, only small amounts of the degradation product permeated the whole skin and entered the receptor medium. Noticeably, higher amounts of 2-t-butyl-p-cresol were released into the skin from LDPE 2 when the Antioxidant 2246 acted as precursor substance compared to Irganox 1081 in LDPE 1. These findings are consistent with the aging tests discussed in the present work, since Antioxidant 2246 showed the weakest stability of all additives investigated.