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Bacterial Biodegradation of Phenolics and Derivatives of Phenolics
Published in M.H. Fulekar, Bhawana Pathak, Bioremediation Technology, 2020
Many industries are releasing highly aromatic compounds as waste. Thus, industrial effluent contains phenolics and their derivatives (El-Ashtoukhy et al., 2013). All these aromatic compounds accumulate in the environment—some of these compounds are naturally degraded from environmental flora, and the remaining materials are deposited in the natural environment (Chakraborty et al., 2010). These deposited compounds are hazardous to human, animal, and flora. Some aromatic compounds are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic (Olaniran and Igbinosa, 2011). Nonbiodegradable aromatic compounds must be treated by biodegradable compounds or less toxic compounds (El-Nass et al., 2009. Aromatic pollutants such as phenolics and their derivatives are polluting the surface water, underground water, and soil. It causes a big concern worldwide (Krastanov et al., 2013). Phenolics and their derivatives such as phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, nitrophenol, and resorcinol are highly toxic to human, animal, aquatic life, and others (Gonzalez et al., 2016). Some of these compounds are highly toxic and difficult to remove from the environment (El-Naas et al., 2010).
Reduction of methane emission from landfills by its microbial oxidation in filter bed
Published in Małgorzata Pawłowska, Lucjan Pawłowski, Management of Pollutant Emission from Landfills and Sludge, 2014
Małgorzata Pawłowska, Lucjan Pawłowski
Conversely, at 1000mg1-1, at which both o-cresol and p-cresol were ≥50% inhibitory, the mixture of compounds was less than 100% inhibitory. A similar pattern was recorded with mixtures of phenol /p-cresol and o-cresol / phenol. The reasons for this were not clear, although since phenol exerts its toxic effects at the cell membrane by uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (Escher et al. 1999) it is possible that a combination of adsorption of phenolics to MSW surfaces, protection of the microbes attached to surfaces and saturation of cellular uptake sites was implicated.
Biopolymers as Supports for Heterogeneous Catalysis: Focus on Chitosan, a Promising Aminopolysaccharide
Published in Arup K. SenGupta, Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction, 2007
Eric Guibal, Thierry Vincent, Francisco Peirano Blondet
The hydrogenation of phenol and cresols has been investigated by Tang et al. using SiO2-chitosan-Pd catalyst.324,362 They observed that the conversion of phenol is very selective for cyclohexanone, preventing further hydrogenation of the product to cyclohexanol, as it may occur in conventional systems involving Pt catalysts; more specifically, the hydrogenation of cyclohexanone, described by Shen et al. using SiO2-casein-Fe (see above),257 is not observed. The conversion reaches a maximum with the chitosan:Pd molar ratio close to 8, at 70°C in cyclohexane as the solvent. A progressive deactivation of the catalyst is observed, though the conversion maintains its selectivity over five cycles. The reactivity is compared for phenol and cresols; the reactivity is controlled by the substituents and their position on the phenolic cycle: phenol > m-cresol > p-cresol ≫ o-cresol.
Study of Pyrolyzates from a Variety of Indian Coals and Their Dependency on Coal Type and Intrinsic Properties – An Analytical Fast Pyrolysis Study
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Devi Prasad Mishra, Kanak Kumar, Jaya Narayan Sahu
Among the alkyl indenes, 2 methyl 1 H – Indene content is higher than 1 H – Indene in all the samples except CCL, NCL, and SECL, in which its presence is negligible. The results of alkyl phenol revealed that SCCL, ECL, and WCL mostly contain C0 to C3 alkyl phenols and SCCL contains the highest among all. 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2, 6-dimethylphenol, m + p – cresol, Phenol and o – cresol are the major and most valuable C0- to C3-alkyl phenol compounds identified in the samples. The constituents of 2,4-dimethyl phenol and 2, 6-dimethyl phenol are profusely found in all the samples followed by m + p – cresol, o – cresol and phenol. Phenol and its chemical derivatives are vital for the production of polycarbonates, epoxies, nylon, bakelite, herbicides, detergent, and pharmaceutical drugs.
Photodeoxygenation of phenanthro[4,5-bcd]thiophene S-oxide, triphenyleno[1,12-bcd]thiophene S-oxide and perylo[1,12-bcd]thiophene S-oxide
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2019
Satyanarayana M. Chintala, John T. Petroff II, Andrew Barnes, Ryan D. McCulla
Sulfoxides 6O–8O oxidized toluene to benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, o-cresol, m-cresol and p-cresol. The ratios of CH3:ring oxidation obtained for DBTO and 6O–8O were 1:3, 1:4, 1:2 and 1:2, respectively. Although the ratios of CH3:ring oxidation obtained for 6O–8O are similar to the CH3:ring oxidation ratio obtained for DBTO, the total product yields of 6O–8O were lower to that of DBTO. The total product yields of toluene oxidation obtained for DBTO and 6O–8O were 42 ± 6%, 27 ± 2%, 15 ± 4%, and 28 ± 2%, respectively. This is because the yields of cresols (ring oxidation) obtained for 6O–8O were lower compared to DBTO. The ratios of the oxidized products obtained for 6O–8O suggests O(3P) formation. However, the lower total product yields suggest other photodeoxygenation pathways that do not generate O(3P).
Impacts of controlled microwave field irradiation on o-cresol and p-cresol adsorption capability of activated carbon
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Dongyang Li, Yi Xu, Dengfeng Zhang
Moreover, Table 7 clearly shows that microwave irradiation increases the adsorption rate of cresol isomer on the ACs, indicated by their increased kp after microwave irradiation. Thereinto, the kp of the AC3 and the AC1 ranks first for o-cresol and p-cresol, respectively, thereby implying that the AC3 and AC1 favour the intraparticle diffusion of o-cresol and p-cresol into their pores.