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Area Monitoring and Contingency Planning
Published in Martha J. Boss, Dennis W. Day, Air Sampling and Industrial Hygiene Engineering, 2020
Many chemicals, although not absorbed, may cause skin irritation at the point of contact. Signs of skin irritation range from redness, swelling, or itching to burns that destroy skin tissue. Standard references will be used to determine the level of personal protection necessary for hazardous waste/chemical risk site workers.
Toxic Responses of the Lung
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Glass fibers are manufactured from a melt of a batch containing silica, limestone, aluminum hydroxide, soda ash, and borax. Fiberglass is produced by drawing or blowing the molten glass into fine fibers that are flexible but retain the tensile strength of glass. The risk from inhalation of respirable fibers is not fully evaluated. Among the hazards to workers are those due to abrasions. Some workers may develop dermatitis from the mechanical action of the fibers on the skin, and a small percentage of them may develop an allergic dermatitis from the binder. Fiberglass is capable of producing a mechanical, transitory skin irritation characterized by a maculopapular eruption. It usually is noted at pressure points, such as around the waist, collar, and wrists. This temporary irritation usually begins to decrease within 3 to 5 days after beginning work with the material. Workers experience no lasting adverse effects once they are removed from exposure to the material.
Metals
Published in Ronald M. Scott, in the WORKPLACE, 2020
Arsenic causes extensive skin problems. Skin irritation is observed as reddening, possible swelling, and an itching or burning sensation. Reddening and swelling around the eyes is likely. Long-term exposure can lead to a mottling or bronzing of the skin. The nasal passages and upper respiratory tract are irritated by exposure, and the destruction of nasal tissue can lead to puncture or perforation of the nasal septum, the division between the nostrils. Less commonly, exposed workers have suffered gastrointestinal upset. Peripheral nerve damage leading to pain, loss of sensation, and weakness in the limbs has occurred as a result of exposure to arsenate sprays.
PEGylated microemulsion for dexamethasone delivery to posterior segment of eye
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Apart from these two important properties, non-irritancy is another mandatory quality. Irritation on ocular surface may result in edema, redness, and itching and/or structural changes. As topical ocular MEs would first come in contact with non-vascular cornea and vascular conjunctiva on instillation, irritancy studies selected here were corneal hydration test, hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) and hen’s egg test chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM). Corneal hydration test involved procurement of excised goat corneas from local slaughter house and their installation in Franz diffusion assembly but before installing, they were weighed. On installation of corneas in Franz diffusion assembly, donor chambers were instilled with 1 mL of each formulation along with saline solution as positive control individually. After 1 h, these corneas were removed from assembly and weighed again. The weight variation before and after contact with MEs would indicate the level of edema they can cause. Second test utilized was H&E. It is a procedure which visually shows any morphological changes caused by instilled dose. Similar assemblies were reproduced with corneas placed in between receptor and donor chambers. Saline solution was taken as negative control and 0.1 Normal (N) NaOH (sodium hydroxide) solution as positive control. After 1 h, corneas were removed from assemblies, immersed in water for washing extra dose adsorbed, then immersed in 4% para-formaldehyde solution for overnight. Post-tissue processing, experiment led corneas were casted in moulds with OCT (optimum cutting temperature medium) at −20 °C and then subjected to Cryostat (CryoStarTM NX70 Cryostat, Thermo ScientificTM) for obtaining thin sections of 20 µm on glass slides. Slides were then air-dried and H&E protocol was followed. At the end, they were observed under microscope for any kind of morphological alteration [7].
Microbiology in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2020
Frederick J. Passman, Peter Küenzi
In contrast to allergic dermatitis, irritation is caused by either chemical or physical damage to the skin. The primary method to prevent skin problems is to avoid direct contact with MWFs by applying skin cream and wearing protective clothing.
Can Origanum be a hope for cancer treatment? A review on the potential of Origanum species in preventing and treating cancers
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Carvacrol, whose toxic effect has not been reported, accelerates breast cancer cell death according to researches (Arunasree 2010; Babili et al. 2011). Regardless of the type of cancer, carvacrol treatment gives similar results (Andersen 2006). Lung, oral cancer, and brain tumor cells were reported to die when treated with carvacrol (Liang and Lu 2012; Ozkan and Erdogan 2012; Liang et al. 2013). It is also effective against harmful microorganisms such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria (Obaidat and Frank 2009; van Alphen et al. 2012; Upadhyay et al. 2012). It was tested on celery and was found to have antibiotic resistance against Salmonella (Ravishankar et al. 2010). Carvacrol in Origanum oil has been tested against Candida isolates and was found to be an effective natural weapon against Candida (Marcos-Arias et al. 2011). Oxidation of LDL cholesterol leads to accumulation along the arterial walls, and Oregano oil is one of the few plant oils that show protective effects against copper-induced LDL oxidation. This effect was prominently detected in thyme oil and was associated with carvacrol (Kulišić et al. 2007). In the former Soviet Union, the Georgian Ministry of Health, Labor and Social Welfare approved a plant-based medicine system containing carvacrol and other plant components as therapeutic support for blood sugar abnormalities. Although the carvacrol used in this practice does not come from thyme, trials of this drug were reported to reduce blood sugar without side effects (Kemertelidze et al. 2012). Redness and swelling are generally symptoms of all forms of injury or irritation. Tests have shown that carvacrol suppresses the expression of COX-2, the cause of the rash. Hence, clinical evidence suggests that carvacrol may defend against redness and swelling. Although many plant-based essential oils have this potential, carvacrol has been shown to have the highest efficacy (Hotta et al. 2010). Carvacrol is also used for cleaning purposes apart from medicinal uses in the human organism. In a study investigating its effectiveness as a surface cleaning agent, it was reported that thyme oil concentrations removed Listeria biofilms from plastic and stainless-steel surfaces. These results showed that carvacrol can be used as a cleaning agent even in non-organic environments (Desai et al. 2012).