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Naturally Occurring Polymers—Animals
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
The Huntington-related problems, while deadly, are visually simple in relation to some other gene-related problems. Asthma is a disease that has multiple causes and symptoms and appears to be the consequence of groups of genes acting in multiple ways, some of which may be positive and others that cause asthma. Asthma, allergies, anaphylaxis, and eczema are all caused by mast cells altered and triggered by immunoglobulin-E molecules. I am allergic to certain foods and used to be to certain plants like rag weed. I outgrew much of the rag weed-like allergies but retain the food allergies. This is typical; allergies can come and go, are of varying severities, and can vary with age, sex, and race. While there is evidence to tie asthma to genes, the precise group of genes remains unknown and surely will be more complex than that of the Huntington-related diseases.
Categorization of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Allergens: A chemical allergy is an adverse reaction by the immune system to a chemical. Such allergic reactions result from previous sensitization to that chemical or a structurally similar chemical. Once sensitization occurs, allergic reactions can result from exposure to extremely low doses of the chemical. Allergic reactions can be immediate, occurring within a few minutes after exposure. Anaphylactic shock is a severe immediate allergic reaction that can result in death if not treated quickly. If this is likely to be a hazard for a planned experiment, advice on emergency response should be obtained. Allergic reactions can also be delayed, taking hours or even days to develop. The skin is usually the site of such delayed reactions, in which case it becomes red, swollen, and itchy.
Occurrence of Transformation Products of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment
Published in Leo M. L. Nollet, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, 2017
Myrsini Papageorgiou, Eleni Evgenidou, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
Antihistamines are a therapeutic class administered for treatment and prevention of allergies. Moreover, seasonal variations have been presented, with peak emissions during pollen production (Petrie et al., 2015). Besides the extended use of antihistamines, scarce data exist for their TPs concerning their occurrence in the environment and fate. Ranitidine is an H2 histamine receptor antagonist that works by blocking histamine and thus decreasing the amount of acid released by cells of the stomach. Urine is the main route of excretion for ranitidine. Approximately 30% of the orally administered dose is excreted as an unchanged drug in 24 h. The N-oxide (ranitidine N-oxide [RAN-N]) is the principal metabolite in the urine; however, this amounts to <4% of the dose. Other metabolites are the S-oxide (1%) and the desmethyl ranitidine (1%). However, only, RAN-N has been detected in river water up to 196 ng L−1 (López-Serna et al., 2012). Max concentrations of the parent compound ranitidine were also detected up to 136 ng L−1. However, lower concentrations of the corresponding metabolite, ranitidine N-oxide, would be expected taking into account the data on excretion (4% vs. 30% of unchanged pharmaceutical). The difference in ratios may be attributed either to the variations of the theoretical percentages of excretions for elderly persons or patients with any other illness such as diabetes or high blood pressure since the metabolism may work differently in them (Tocco et al., 1982; Simon et al., 1988) or to the disposal of unused medicine (expired or no longer needed). However, other factors are the transformations in the WWTPs and/or in the environment that do not affect all compounds to the same extent.
World Trade Center Health Program best practices for diagnosing and treating chronic rhinosinusitis
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2023
Rafael E. de la Hoz, Michael R. Shohet
Exposure history is critical at this point. History consistent with CRS symptom triggering by seasonal or perennial exposure to aeroallergens may warrant allergy testing and treatment, accordingly, more so if there is comorbid lower airway disease. Further management of underlying allergies may take the form of reasonable avoidance, topical or systemic antihistamines, leukotriene modifiers, and consideration of immunotherapy or biological agents. Documentation of potential irritants in the workplace is also very helpful in considering best management options. Circumstances in which symptoms are significantly more prominent while at the workplace or improved while away from the workplace for an extended period may indicate the presence of a workplace irritant, allergen, or other toxicant, and warrant further investigation and potential mitigation.
Has a singular focus of building regulations created unhealthy homes?
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2020
Shruti Nath, Mark Dewsbury, Jeroen Douwes
An excessive reaction of the immune system causes allergies. There are different allergy forms depending on the immune reaction caused. The most common is Type 1 allergy which appears either as allergic rhinitis or asthma. Allergic rhinitis is a common disease among children and adults. The estimated prevalence of allergic rhinitis is between 10% and 40% and at times even greater than 50% for a specific population base (Jaakkola et al. 2013).