China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Examining the Evidence that Drugs Impair Driving: Some Recent Findings from the Drugs and Driving Research Unit (DDRU) at Swinburne University
Published in Mark Sullman, Lisa Dorn, Advances in Traffic Psychology, 2019
Con Stough, Rebecca King, Luke Downey, Edward Ogden
Antihistamines are H1-receptor antagonists which are used widely by those suffering seasonal or chronic allergic rhinitis (Stork et al., 2006). Because of their widespread use, many studies (for example, O'Hanlon et al., 1995) have been undertaken to assess whether they impact driving. First generation antihistamines, such as brompheniramine, dimenhydrinate and diphenhydramine have lipophillic properties which enable cross over through the blood brain barrier. The depressive action on the central nervous system can cause drowsiness, dizziness, un- coordination and increased reaction time (Jauregi et al., 2006). The sedative effects persist into the next day (Kay, 2000). Anticholinergic effects of dry mouth and blurry vision are also evident (Jauregi et al., 2006).
Motion Sickness
Published in Neil J. Mansfield, Human Response to Vibration, 2004
Common antihistamine drugs for prevention of motion sickness include cin-narizine (Stugeron), meclozine (Sea-legs), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), and promethazine (Phenergan). Although not usually as effective as scopolamine, antihistamines have fewer side effects (usually only drowsiness), some have longer lasting effects, and some formulations have, in certain countries, been approved for use with children above the age of 2 years.
Occurrence of Transformation Products of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment
Published in Leo M. L. Nollet, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, 2017
Myrsini Papageorgiou, Eleni Evgenidou, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
Antihistamines are a therapeutic class administered for treatment and prevention of allergies. Moreover, seasonal variations have been presented, with peak emissions during pollen production (Petrie et al., 2015). Besides the extended use of antihistamines, scarce data exist for their TPs concerning their occurrence in the environment and fate. Ranitidine is an H2 histamine receptor antagonist that works by blocking histamine and thus decreasing the amount of acid released by cells of the stomach. Urine is the main route of excretion for ranitidine. Approximately 30% of the orally administered dose is excreted as an unchanged drug in 24 h. The N-oxide (ranitidine N-oxide [RAN-N]) is the principal metabolite in the urine; however, this amounts to <4% of the dose. Other metabolites are the S-oxide (1%) and the desmethyl ranitidine (1%). However, only, RAN-N has been detected in river water up to 196 ng L−1 (López-Serna et al., 2012). Max concentrations of the parent compound ranitidine were also detected up to 136 ng L−1. However, lower concentrations of the corresponding metabolite, ranitidine N-oxide, would be expected taking into account the data on excretion (4% vs. 30% of unchanged pharmaceutical). The difference in ratios may be attributed either to the variations of the theoretical percentages of excretions for elderly persons or patients with any other illness such as diabetes or high blood pressure since the metabolism may work differently in them (Tocco et al., 1982; Simon et al., 1988) or to the disposal of unused medicine (expired or no longer needed). However, other factors are the transformations in the WWTPs and/or in the environment that do not affect all compounds to the same extent.
Application of a proposed reliability analysis multivariate capability index on manufacturing processes
Published in Quality Engineering, 2022
Rister Barreto, Herrera Acosta Roberto
Levocetirizine is an antihistamine, used for treating the symptoms of allergic diseases such as Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (including ocular symptoms) and Chronic Idiopathic Rhinitis in patients from six months old on. The development of analytic tests for determining pH levels, density, active ingredient assessment and sucrose content in product manufacturing aim to determine the compliance level with the specifications set for each of these variables, according to preestablished standards. An evaluative research was conducted, where data for each of the studied variables were collected to evaluate the performance of the Levocetirizine manufacturing process. The data sample is summarized in Table 1.