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Asthma Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathophysiology and Management in the Current Scenario
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Manu Sharma, Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Veera Sadhu, Raghavendra V. Kulkarni
It has been widely observed that asthma runs in families and recently a genome-wide association study has identified the ORMDL3 gene, which is significantly associated with asthma [7]. Some children develop asthma due to prenatal maternal smoking which drastically affects the lungs of the newborn and leads to breathing difficulties. Cigarette smoking is also a main cause of asthma in adults and nearly 41% of asthmatics in the United States had a history of smoking [8,9]. Asthma is also one of the occupational hazards in places where people are exposed to high fumes and dust of cadmium, silica, flour, etc. Allergens like food, dust, pollen and pet dander provoke allergic asthma [10]. Air pollution is another crucial reason for asthma and an increase in air pollutants due to industrialization has eventually increased the rate of asthma worldwide.
Aerobiology of Pollen and Pollen Antigens
Published in Christopher S. Cox, Christopher M. Wathes, Bioaerosols Handbook, 2020
Clinical symptoms include both those of the upper respiratory tract (pollen grains are so big that they are retained in the nasopharyngeal part of the respiratory tract), and those of lower parts of the lungs,56 i.e., asthmatic reactions (resulting from sub-micronic size particles and diffused pollen proteins).
Pollen and Spore Allergens
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Indoor Air Quality, 2018
Pollen grains are the male reproductive cells that are dispersed by plants to fertilize the female flower of the species. In 2017, 8.2 percent of adults (over the age of 18) and 8.4 percent of children (under the age of 18) in the United States were diagnosed with “hay fever” due to airborne pollen (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017). Pollen is typically an outdoor allergen but may affect the indoor air when captured and retained within a building HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system.
Pollen clustering strategies using a newly developed single-particle fluorescence spectrometer
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2020
Benjamin E. Swanson, J. Alex Huffman
Pollen grains are microgametophytes of seed-bearing plants that transfer genetic material for the purpose of reproduction and can be transported, e.g., by wind, water, insects, or flying animals (Conner et al. 1997). Airborne pollen, lofted into the air from species of plants that utilize wind for pollination (anemophilous), is the primary driver of allergic rhinitis that seasonally inflicts suffering on many millions of sensitized individuals around the world. It was recently estimated, for example, that costs related to pollen allergies had increased 73% from 2000 to 2005 alone, for a total economic impact of $11.2 billion (Songnuan 2013; Blaiss 2010). Further, the season of anemophilous pollen dispersal is growing both in temporal length and geographic area due to climate change (Richter et al. 2013), and so the global need to understand and mitigate influence from airborne pollen allergies continues to grow.
Advanced CNN Architectures for Pollen Classification: Design and Comprehensive Evaluation
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2023
Predrag Matavulj, Marko Panić, Branko Šikoparija, Danijela Tešendić, Miloš Radovanović, Sanja Brdar
Pollen grains are structures in seed plants that protect male genetic material during transfer to female reproductive organs in sexual reproduction. About 25% of vascular plants utilize wind for pollination (Culley et al. 2002). To increase success in fertilization, they rely on producing large quantities of pollen, exposed male flowers and anthers to simplify emission and improve the efficiency of aerodynamic properties of pollen grains to facilitate atmospheric dispersion. Anemophilous pollen grains are small, often circular with smooth surfaces and sometimes bearing additional structures that decrease their specific weight (i.e., air compartments or sacks).
Optimisation of hourly plants water discharges in hydrothermal scheduling using the flower pollination algorithm
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Sushil Kumar Gupta, Annu Dalal
The process of pollination in flowers is the transfer of pollen from one place to other with the help of pollinators for the reproduction of flowers. There are two types of pollination processes: Abiotic and Biotic. Biotic pollination refers to the transfer of pollen with the help of pollinators such as birds, insects, bats or other living things. In abiotic pollination the transfer of pollen takes place through wind and diffusion. The grass is a good example of abiotic pollination where wind helps in the pollination process. Wind transfers the pollens from one place to another for successful pollination. Honeybees are a good example of pollinators showing flower constancy behaviour i.e. these pollinators constantly visit the same flower species while bypassing the other flower species and hence with a minimum price of learning give the optimum output. Such flowers’ dependability may be advantageous for pollinators as well since they give their maximum output with their constrained memory and minimum price of learning or exploring. Hence, flower constancy uses a minimum investment price. Both pollination processes are further of two types 1) cross-pollination; 2) self-pollination. In self-pollination process, fertilisation is obtained by either the pollen of the same flower or different flowers of the same plant. Whereas in cross-pollination, pollens transfer with the help of pollinators over long distances. The transfer of pollen within the same plant is called local pollination and long-distance pollination is called global pollination. The pollens show levy flight behaviour while doing pollination over a long distance. Flower constancy is used to determine the similarity or difference between two flowers. Based on flower constancy, the behaviour of pollinators, levy flight, etc., a rule for flower pollination algorithm (FPA) is formed. Biotic and cross-pollination are considered global, whereas abiotic and self-pollination are considered local. The pollinator movement is supposed to obey the levy flight behaviour, as described by Yu, Yuan, and Wang (2007). In local pollination similarities and differences between the two flowers are represented by flower constancy. A switch probability [0, 1] is used to distinguish global and local pollination, respectively. The different rules for the formulation of the meta-heuristic flower pollination algorithm are explained as follows:-