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Novel Routes to Accessing the Brain: Intranasal Administration
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Ana Serralheiro, Joana Bicker, Gilberto Alves, Amílcar Falcäo, Ana Fortuna
Typically, the administration of drugs into the nose is most often performed by using either a pipettor for delivering drops to alternating nostrils, a piece of tubing attached to a microsyringe/micropipette for inserting within the nasal cavity, or a nasal spray device [23, 69, 72]. Placing the nasal drops at the opening of the nostrils allows the animal to sniff them into the nasal cavity, but the tendency to deposit on the nasal floor and be subjected to rapid MCC is elevated [23]. Nasal sprays usually provide high reproducibility in terms of the emitted dose and a widespread distribution of the drug within the nasal cavity; nevertheless, the probability of deposition in either the oesophagus and/or lungs is much more augmented [23, 72]. Conversely, the use of flexible tubing, by giving the possibility of being inserted inside the nose, enables precise delivery of the drug formulation on a localised mucosal area, inasmuch the deposition in the respiratory and olfactory epithelia essentially depends on the length of the tube [23, 73].
Pharmaceutical Applications of Carrageenan
Published in Amit Kumar Nayak, Md Saquib Hasnain, Dilipkumar Pal, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 2019
A. Papagiannopoulos, S. Pispas
The sulfated polysaccharide ι,-carrageenan has indeed demonstrated antiviral activity against respiratory viruses. It’s possible to direct binding to viruses prevents the attachment of viruses to host cells (Grassauer et al., 2008; Leibbrandt et al., 2010). Clinical trials of ι-carrageenan containing nasal sprays supported the antiviral effectiveness of this polysaccharide. Two randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trials from patients with acute common cold were analyzed. Carrageenan nasal spray was found effective as it increased viral clearance and reduced relapses of symptoms in children and adults (Koenighofer et al., 2014). It has been indicated that cold symptoms are strongly reduced during the first days when symptoms are more severe. The nasal spray appears safe, minimally invasive, and well-tolerated in trial results (Eccles et al., 2015). In conclusion, ι-carrageenan was suggested as a satisfactory option for infections of the upper respiratory tract (Ludwig et al., 2013).
Validating CFD predictions of nasal spray deposition: Inclusion of cloud motion effects for two spray pump designs
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022
Arun V. Kolanjiyil, Sana Hosseini, Ali Alfaifi, Dale Farkas, Ross Walenga, Andrew Babiskin, Michael Hindle, Laleh Golshahi, P. Worth Longest
Delivering pharmaceutical formulations in aerosol form directly to the nose is an attractive approach to combat diseases and disorders such as allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal polyposis and migraines (Djupesland 2013; Dykewicz and Hamilos 2010; Le Guellec, Ehrmann, and Vecellio 2021). Nasal spray pumps are commonly used as drug delivery systems to administer locally acting pharmaceutical formulations to the nasal mucosa (Macias-Valle and Psaltis 2020). In addition to the already approved and marketed nasal spray innovator and generic products, many new and generic products are under development (Choi et al. 2018; Li et al. 2013). Furthermore, investigations are underway to deliver medications and vaccines to the nasal airways to combat SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses (Csaba, Garcia-Fuentes, and Alonso 2009; Wilkins et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2020). Hence, it is important to develop and improve strategies for testing nasal spray device drug delivery performance under variable usage conditions (Newman, Pitcairn, and Dalby 2004).