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Drugs for Treatment of Neurological and Psychological Conditions
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Various levels of abuse of amphetamine occurred from the beginning, but accelerated in the 1960s when it became known as “speed.” Because they are easy to synthesize, the amphetamines became major drugs of abuse. Restrictions were tightened in 1965 and amphetamine was listed as a level-II controlled substance in the 1971 Controlled Substance Act. The N-methyl derivative, methamphetamine, is known as “crystal meth.” The methylenedioxy derivative of methamphetamine is known as “ecstasy.” It is estimated that around $65 billion of illegal income is generated by the amphetamines. Norephedrine is used extensively in over-the-counter medications for relief of nasal congestion. Ephedrine and norephedrine and other related compounds are also present in various natural preparations that go by the general name ephedra. Both the synthetic and natural materials have been restricted by the FDA because of evidence of side-effects, including occasional hemorraghic stroke. Cathinone is the active ingredient of a plant, khat, that is chewed as a stimulant in the Middle-East and East Asia. Other amphetamine derivatives include diethylpropion, fenproporex, phendimetrazine, and mazinol. The amphetamines are structural analogs of epinephrine (adrenaline) and exhibit many effects of it and other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Side effects include restlessness, insomnia, cardiac arrhythmia, and hypertension. Scheme 17.8 gives the structures of some of the amphetamine derivatives.
Photonics Laboratory Safety and Safety Ethics
Published in Abdul Al-Azzawi, Fibre Optics, 2017
IAQ problems can be caused by ventilation system deficiencies, overcrowding, the presence of tobacco smoke, microbiological contamination, outside air pollutants and off-gassing from materials in the building and mechanical equipment. Related problems may also include comfort problems caused by improper temperature and relative humidity conditions, poor lighting and unacceptable noise levels, as well as adverse ergonomic conditions, and study-related psycho-social stressors. Typical symptoms may include headaches, unusual fatigue, itching or burning eyes, skin irritation, nasal congestion, dry or irritated throats and nausea.
What Is Mold and Why Is It Important?
Published in Jeanne Moldenhauer, Disinfection and Decontamination, 2018
Brian G. Hubka, Jeanne Moldenhauer
A Mayo Clinic Study implicates fungus as cause of chronic sinusitis. In the Mayo Clinic Newsletter 1999, the researchers stated: An estimated 37 million people in the United States suffer from chronic sinusitis, an inflammation of the membranes of the nose and sinus cavity. Its incidence has been increasing steadily over the last decade. Common symptoms are runny nose, nasal congestion, loss of smell and headaches.
Effect of indoor environmental quality on building-related symptoms among the residents of apartment-type buildings in Bangkok area
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Tanachai Nitmetawong, Supichaya Boonvisut, Kraiwuth Kallawicha, H. Jasmine Chao
The distributions of BRSs are illustrated in Figure 2. The participants were considered to exhibit a symptom if they experienced it at least once per week at their residence. In the descending order, the most common symptoms reported were sneezing, fatigue, headache, nasal congestion, and runny nose.