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Nanosensors for Food Contaminant Detection
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Parthasarathi, Food Nanotechnology, 2019
Heera Jayan, L. Bhavani Devi, C. Anandharamakrishnan
Naturally occurring chemicals involves plant, animal, or micro-organism derived substances which are naturally present in the food material. Histamine is a toxin, which is produced by spoilage bacteria in fish products. The consumption of histamine leads to skin irritation, localized inflammation, and hypertension (Arnold and Brown, 1978). Aflatoxin is a major toxin found in certain food products including corn and nuts. It is produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which cause liver, kidney, and spleen enlargement, and fatty liver syndrome (Eaton and Groopman, 2013). Similarly, certain hazardous compounds are formed during the processing of food products due to chemical reactions. During thermal treatment of certain food products containing asparagine, a potential cancer-causing agent called acrylamide is released (Stadler et al., 2002).
Sedation, analgesia and patient observation in interventional radiology
Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017
Jeffrey E. Quam, Michael A. Bettmann
As with benzodiazepines, the most significant deleterious side-effects of narcotics are related to the respiratory tract. Narcotics cause depressed function of the pontomedullary respiratory centers.38 At low doses there is only a decrease in respiratory rate. However, as the dose increases, both rate and tidal volume decrease. This depression appears to occur earlier and to a greater degree in relation to the hypercapnic chemoreceptors compared to the hypoxic receptors. Thus even in the face of normal or near-normal oxygen saturation, the patient may be suffering from high serum CO2 tension, due to decreased ventilation. This potential complication is particularly important in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, who have a pre-existing depressed hypoxic ventilatory drive. These respiratory depressive effects of narcotics are potentiated when the drugs are administered in conjunction with benzodiazepines. Narcotics can also produce a unique respiratory side-effect, due to their ability to cause endogenous histamine release. This increased serum histamine concentration may lead to agonism on bronchial smooth muscle, and consequent bronchospasm.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
There are five classes of antibodies: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is found in secretions such as saliva, tears and protects against organisms that may invade gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.Immunoglobulin M (IgM) which is formed initially and provides a temporary protection following exposure of the body to a new threat until immunoglobulin G is made.Immunoglobulin G (IgG) takes over from IgM to provide long-lasting protection against a specific threat.Immunoglobulin E (IgE) (sometimes called the ‘allergy’ antibody) is responsible for allergic reactions. IgE is usually produced against harmful substances but in some cases with an inherited disorder, IgE is formed in excessive amounts to substances that are usually not harmful to the majority of the population. These ‘atopic’ individuals thus react abnormally or disproportionately to a substance that should be harmless.Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a unique immunoglobulin with a concentration in serum far below those of IgG, IgA and IgM but much higher than that of IgE. IgD’s function has long been a conundrum and is still incompletely understood. Several chemicals are produced by the body in allergic responses, of which histamine is the best known and causes the well-known symptoms of itching, swelling, redness and increased production of mucus.
Prednisolone-loaded coatable polyvinyl alcohol/alginate hydrogel for the treatment of atopic dermatitis
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Hye Ri Lee, Tae Ho Kim, Se Heang Oh, Jin Ho Lee
To examine mast cell infiltration in the skin, the skin tissue sections of each group were also stained with Toluidine blue (Figure 8(a)) and the number of mast cells were counted (Figure 8(b)). Histamine is a major constituent of mast cells and its release from the mast cells is closely related with increased tissue erythema and various allergic reactions [37]. The skin of the Control group showed that the infiltrated mast cells markedly increased compared with the Normal group, but the number of mast cells in the PS sol’n and PS-loaded hydrogel groups notably decreased than the Control group. The number of infiltrated mast cell in the skin is as follows: Control (97.8 ± 20.1 cells/mm2) > PS-free hydrogel (81.0 ± 6.5 cells/mm2) > PS sol’n (60.0 ± 4.6 cells/mm2) > PS-loaded hydrogel (42.5 ± 4.0 cells/mm2) > normal (14.3 ± 3.5 cells/mm2). On the basis of our findings, we can suggest that the PS-loaded PVA/ALG hydrogel may be a promising candidate for the treatment of the AD.
Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of fruits and by-products from Mauritia flexuosa, an exotic plant with functional benefits#
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Vivianne Rodrigues Amorim, Débora Caroline do Nascimento Rodrigues, Jurandy do Nascimento Silva, Carla Lorena Silva Ramos, Lívia Maria Nunes Almeida, Antonia Amanda Cardoso Almeida, Flaviano Ribeiro Pinheiro-Neto, Fernanda Regina Castro Almeida, Marcia Santos Rizzo, Joilane Alves Pereira-Freire, Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
Histamine derived from histidine, is produced by different human cells, predominantly basophils, mastocytes, platelets, histaminergic neurons, lymphocytes, and enterochromaphine cells. Histamine is stored in cytoplasmic vesicles that are rapidly discharged by exocytosis under stimulation. Subsequently, this mediator acts by allowing the passage of leukocytes to the inflammatory locus. In addition, histamine has stimulatory effects on phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme responsible for the metabolism of arachidonic acid and activation of cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase, which are essential for synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes (Barth et al. 2016; Bork 2014).
Correlation between mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and length of perfluorinated compounds
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Anaphylaxis is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity induced by rapid release of allergic mediators including histamine and cytokines from mast cells. Histamine produces vasodilation and hypotension (Galli, Tsai, and Piliponsky 2008; Je et al. 2015). While IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) was used to investigate the factors involved in mast cells responses, the PCA model has a shortcoming in that it is not spontaneous (Wex et al. 2014). ASA is closely related to natural allergic inflammation (Osterfeld et al. 2010). In prior studies, OVA-induced ASA was employed to evaluate animal models for immediate-type hypersensitivity (Evans, Killoran, and Mitre 2014; Je et al. 2015). Because of a sudden rise in serum histamine levels, ASA induces a hypovolemic hypotension that subsequently led to hypothermia. Binding IgE and IgG1 with FcεRI is an important step in anaphylactic symptoms (Ishikawa et al. 2010). Based on the results, it is postulated that all PFC except PFHpA deteriorated systemic anaphylaxis via increasing the release of histamine from IgE-stimulated mast cells, as well as enhanced production of IgE, IgG1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. It should be noted that there were no significant alterations in rectal temperature in mice exposed only to PFC, compared with non-ASA. The possible reason account for the no change of rectal temperature in only PFC may come from the experimental procedure of ASA. In our experiment, PFC was administered until day 13. On day 14, mice were challenged with OVA and rectal temperature was measured. As mice are a homeothermic animal maintaining a stable body temperature (Devey, Festing, and Wigmore 2008), mice could recover from the altered body temperature. Thus, in this case, treatment with all PFC without OVA did not markedly affect body temperature change.