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AI and the Bioscience and Clinical Considerations for Immunology
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
After a susceptible person is exposed to an allergen, the body starts producing a large quantity of IgE antibodies. This results in the reoccurrence of the allergic response, sometimes with increasing intensity with each re-exposure to the allergen. Included among its cytokines, are histamine and heparin (mentioned above), which along with other inflammatory symptoms, produces itching. With the allergic and hypersensitivity response, symptoms can also include, sneezing, and congestion (from histamine release and degranulation of mast cells – in Figure 2.3). In their most severe form, allergy or hypersensitivity can produce a life-threatening condition call anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock.13
Microbiology of Metalworking Fluids
Published in Jerry P. Byers, Metalworking Fluids, Third Edition, 2018
Allergies develop when the body’s immune system reacts to a molecule is recognizes as foreign. An allergen is any molecule that induces the body’s release of histamine, characteristic of an allergic reaction. In contrast to toxins, any given allergen is likely to affe ct only a small percentage of exposed individuals. The severity of the response is more affected by an individual’s sensitivity than to dose. Exposed to a particular allergen, some people may suffer minor irritation (consider mild hay fever or rashes). Particularly sensitive people may suffer anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a general, potentially lethal whole-body condition resulting from the body’s rapid release of antibodies and histamine.
Adhesive Biomaterials for Tissue Repair and Reconstruction
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
An additional risk is raised by the formulation of fibrin glues containing bovine proteins; such foreign proteins can stimulate an immune response, with the resultant formation of antibodies to physiological clotting factors. Sensitization to bovine thrombin in fibrin sealants has been reported [57] and there are several cases of surgical patients developing antibodies to factor V and thrombin [58], following the application of fibrin glue containing bovine thrombin. The formation of inhibitor antibodies has been observed in peptic ulcer surgery [59], as well as adult and pediatric cardiac surgery [60]; this complication carries a bleeding risk and often requires plasmapheresis treatment. Serious clinical complications have also resulted from the use of currently approved fibrin glues containing bovine aprotinin. Patients who have been exposed to bovine aprotinin in fibrin sealant may develop antibodies to aprotinin and may exhibit an allergic or anaphylactic reaction upon reexposure to aprotinin. Cases of immediate allergic skin response [61] and severe anaphylaxis [62] have been reported as a result of bovine aprotinin in fibrin tissue adhesives. In one case, fatal intraoperative anaphylaxis occurred in response to local application of fibrin sealant [63]. The formation of aprotinin-specific antibodies following application of fibrin glues is not uncommon: in one study of children undergoing operations for congenital heart disease, 49% developed aprotinin-specific antibodies at 6 weeks after exposure to bovine aprotinin in fibrin glue, and 12% still had aprotinin-specific antibodies at 1 year after exposure to bovine aprotinin in fibrin glue [64].
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
The most common form of anaphylaxis is mediated by type I hypersensitivity mechanisms. In sensitized individuals, systemic antigen exposure triggers IgE-dependent activation of mast cells and basophils, leading to the release of many unique preformed mediators such as tryptase, histamine, and chemokines with various physiological functions (Loverde et al. 2018). The actions of these molecules are responsible for the subsequent emergence prototypical anaphylactic symptoms, which range from eruption of widespread urticarial lesions and angioedema in the skin, to profound bronchoconstriction with potential for respiratory insufficiency, and severe hypotension that lead to dizziness and syncope (Pawankar et al. 2013). In some cases, symptoms may be mild and readily managed with minimal intervention; comparatively, catastrophic reactions may also ensue, requiring immediate medical attention to monitor and treat life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis (Tomar and Hogan 2020). Pawankar et al. (2013) estimated that the lifetime occurrence of anaphylaxis ranges from 0.05–2% in the general population. Some of the major causative agents of anaphylaxis include pharmaceutical agents, insect venom, and food allergens (Muñoz-Cano et al. 2016). A small number of case reports also described the induction of anaphylactic responses in metal-sensitive subjects following various exposure conditions.