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Smoking (Cessation)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. Smokers are far more likely to develop coronary heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and COPD. Smoking increases the chances of acquiring type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, bladder cancer, leukemia, and many other types of cancer.1 Smoking is a practice wherein tobacco smoke is breathed in and absorbed into the bloodstream. Nicotine in cigarette smoke is an appetite suppressant that speeds up the heart and elevates blood pressure, as well as increasing the calories that the body burns. It is also a highly addictive drug. To quit smoking is a very difficult endeavor for most. Cessation counseling may be necessary for some patients.
Substance Abuse during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Tobacco smoke adversely affects pregnancy, and even passive tobacco smoke exposure negatively affects fetal growth. However, catch-up growth in the neonatal period was observed, and at least partly compensates for fetal growth retardation in children born to active smokers.
Lung Cancer (a) Diagnosis and Causes, Smoking Habits, etc.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Tobacco smoke appears to provoke a state of chronic irritation in the lungs and bronchi, and this may predispose not only to chronic bronchitis, but also to parenchymal damage in both alveoli and bronchioles. Smoking also damages the cilia lining the bronchial epithelium and the normal mucociliary escalator which carries particles towards the trachea from where they may be expectorated. It also disorganises the mucus cells and stimulates squamous metaplasia and basal cell hyperplasia (Auerbach et al., 1956).
Stages of the Smoke-Free Policy Implementation in a Psychiatric Hospital: Evolution, Effects, and Complications
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2022
Renata Marques de Oliveira, Jair Lício Ferreira Santos, Antonia Regina Ferreira Furegato
Upon signing the international treaty, Brazil committed to implementing six measures (MPOWER) to reduce the prevalence of smoking. Through the efforts of the NPTC, six measures are currently in place in the country: 1) Monitoring tobacco use (annual surveys are applied to the Brazilian population to monitor tobacco use); 2) Protecting people from tobacco smoke (all Brazilian public places are completely smoke-free); 3) Offer help to quit tobacco smoke (there is a national quitline and the Unified Health System offers nicotine replacement therapy and drugs for nicotine withdrawal) 4) Warning about the dangers of tobacco (65% of the space on the cigarette packs is occupied with images related to the harmful effects of tobacco and there are campaigns against tobacco in the media); 5) Enforcing tobacco advertising, promotion & sponsorship bans (in Brazil, tobacco industries are prohibited from sponsoring sporting or cultural events, advertising cigarettes on the internet, radio, television, newspapers, and magazines, distributing samples or gifts, as well as selling cigarettes in educational and health establishments); 6) Raising taxes on tobacco (40% of the price paid by smokers for a cigarette pack is due to taxes, while the recommended by WHO is at least 70%) (American Cancer Society, 2020).
Tobacco smoke exposure among women in Turkey and determinants
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2022
Passive exposure to tobacco smoke increases the risk of lung and heart diseases. In 1981, for the first time a Japanese researcher indicated in his study conducted on 91,000 homemakers, women with husbands that smoked had a higher risk of developing lung cancer. Many studies have substantiated this finding (Mackay & Amos, 2003). Recently, it has been noted that the prevalence of lung cancer remains constant among the male population but continues to rise significantly among women. Lung cancer is still the most prevalent cause of cancer deaths among women in the USA (Hasan, 1996). Furthermore, a study conducted on young Swedish women aimed to describe the epidemiological presentation of lung cancer and to identify risk factors: it determined that avoiding tobacco smoke was the most effective preventive measure against lung cancer (Fritz & Olsson, 2018).
Extracellular vesicles as actors in the air pollution related cardiopulmonary diseases
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Stéphanie Alkoussa, Sébastien Hulo, Dominique Courcot, Sylvain Billet, Perrine J. Martin
Another important source of air pollution is related to smoking. Daily, humans can be exposed to different types of smoke. First of all, mainstream smoke, also known as firsthand smoke, is the direct inhalation of toxic aerosols by a smoker after smoking a cigarette. Second, secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke occurs when tobacco smoke enters an environment, primarily indoor and is inhaled by all smokers or nonsmokers. It is a combination of the smoke exhaled by a smoker and the smoke from the burning end of a cigarette. CS consists of a tar phase, composed mainly of PM1, and a vapor phase. It contains more than 6000 chemicals, most of which are VOCs, including aromatic and oxygenated compounds, highly reactive free radicals, and toxic heavy metals (Kleinstreuer and Feng 2013). The two main ones are CO2 and carbon monoxide (CO) with concentrations around 26.8 and 7.3 mg/cigarette, respectively (Marcilla et al. 2012). Many other compounds are generally detected at concentrations between 5 and 500 μg/cigarette. VOCs, such as methane, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, and small aldehydes such as acrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, butyraldehyde, acetone, and limonene are primarily constituents of the vapor phase. Nicotine, PAHs, and nitrosamines are associated primarily with the particulate phase, while others as hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and formaldehyde are found in both phases (Counts et al. 2005).