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Lower airway bronchoscopic interpretation
Published in Don Hayes, Kara D. Meister, Pediatric Bronchoscopy for Clinicians, 2023
Kimberley R. Kaspy, Sara M. Zak
Bronchitis is a general term describing inflammation in the airways.Bronchitis can encompass mucosal edema and friability, secretions in the lower airways (purulent or non-purulent), or cobblestoning/follicular appearance of the airways (examples are shown in Figure 5.12a–c).Bronchitis can be diffuse or localized to a part of the airway.Secretions can be from infection, aspiration, or impaired mucociliary clearance. Bronchoalveolar lavage can help identify the cause of bronchitis.
Bronchitis (Acute)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Bronchitis is an infection causing inflammation or swelling of the mucus membranes on the bronchiole tubes (large and medium-sized airways). Cough is the predominant and defining symptom of acute bronchitis.1 Acute bronchitis also results in excess mucus production. Bronchitis is often caused by bacterial or viral infections and typically is self-limiting with complete healing and return to normal function in two to three weeks. However, because the cough associated with bronchitis is so bothersome and slow to resolve, many patients seek treatment.1
COVID-19 Pandemic and Traditional Chinese Medicines
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Roheena Abdullah, Ayesha Toor, Hina Qaiser, Afshan Kaleem, Mehwish Iqtedar, Tehreema Iftikhar, Muhammad Riaz, Dou Deqiang
This injection constitutes of Artemisia annua, Flos Lonicerae and Gardeniae Fructus and has anti-pyretic, -viral, and -inflammatory pharmacological properties. In treatment of upper respiratory tract infection and acute Bronchitis has shown to be effective [21, 34]. Reduning injection in combination with biapenem has a better curative effect to treat critical pneumonia and improves patients’ symptoms such as: improved lung function and blood gas indexes and reduced serum inflammatory factor levels [21].
Airway disease in hematologic malignancies
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Ricardo J José, Burton F. Dickey, Ajay Sheshadri
Viral lower respiratory infections can present either as a bronchopneumonia or as acute airway inflammation in the form of bronchitis and bronchiolitis [10]. Bronchitis generally refers to inflammation of the large airways, while bronchiolitis refers to inflammation of the small airways. Small airways are classically defined as being less than 2 mm in diameter and lacking cartilage [11]; both of these elements are important in this classification, since up to 96% of airways in the 7th generation contain cartilaginous elements evident on optical coherence tomography despite a mean airway diameter of less than 2 mm [12]. On the other hand, most 9th generation airways and beyond lack cartilage. The presence or absence of airway cartilage is important, since the predisposition for small airways to collapse when inflamed heavily influences the increase in total airway resistance in obstructive airway diseases, due to the fact that small airways account for a large portion of total airway cross-sectional area [13].
Inhalation dosimetry of nasally inhaled respiratory aerosols in the human respiratory tract with locally remodeled conducting lungs
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Xiuhua April Si, Mohamed Talaat, Wei-Chung Su, Jinxiang Xi
The respiratory tract is the main site for the invasion and infection by airborne pathogens. Acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis are often caused by viral respiratory infections, which are most common in winter via airborne transmission and have been the common causes of hospitalization in young, elderly, and immune deficient subjects. These susceptible groups represent 74% of the mortality associated with low respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) (Troeger et al. 2017). Respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, parainfluenza, and the more recent coronavirus are among the major viruses that cause LRTI (Adair 2009). The viral invasion starts from the upper respiratory tract such as the nasopharynx (NP) and progresses to lower airways where viral replication and cell destruction evoke bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Respiratory diseases, either acute or chronic, often alter the lung structure (e.g. changing bifurcation angles or obstructing airways) due to inflamed tissues, mucus over-secretion, cell necrosis, and smooth muscle tightening (Montesantos et al. 2013; Kim et al. 2020). The symptoms of asthma, one of the most common major global health problems, include reversible airway obstruction and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Irreversible lung structure remodeling can result from COPD, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, etc. (Lourenço et al. 1972).
Assessment and treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder: a guide for the clinician
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
In the fibrosing chronic bronchiolitis, airflow obstruction is caused by increased airflow resistance, either in expiration or inspiration, due to the reduced airway caliber in many small airways, among those remained open, with preserved lung elastic recoil. Therefore, the increased pulmonary air trapping is functional due to earlier and more extensive small airway closure during expiration [16]. The regional time constants are unevenly prolonged and so the distribution of alveolar ventilation is inhomogeneous in the different lung regions leading to low ventilation/perfusion ratios and consequent resting hypoxemia. The hypoxemic and eventually hypercapnic chronic respiratory failure are frequent in these COPD patients. Chronic dyspnea, sometimes wheezing and chronic cough and phlegm if chronic bronchitis coexists, are the main symptoms. Mild-to-moderate arterial pulmonary hypertension may occur and ‘cor pulmonale’ can be observed.