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Lifestyle and Environment
Published in Wilmer W Nichols, Michael F O'Rourke, Elazer R Edelman, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries, 2022
Electronic nicotine device systems (ENDS) are battery-powered smoking devices that can look and feel like regular cigarettes. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), vaporizers, vape pens, hookah pens and e-pipes are all ENDS. Based on the current body of evidence, e-cigarettes also emit various potentially harmful chemicals for the cardiovascular system. In this connection, recent studies showed that e-cigarette-emitted chemicals reach levels comparable to tobacco smoke and that these levels vary depending on multiple factors, including types of devices, e-liquid, vaping topography and vaping experience. It is found that e-cigarettes, even following a single use, acutely impair endothelial function and induce oxidative stress, but the effect is less pronounced compared with tobacco cigarette smoking (Carnevale et al., 2016). In young healthy individuals, e-cigarette use for 30 minutes (a common use pattern) was reported to have a delayed but somewhat lower effect on aortic stiffness to that of cigarette smoking (Vlachopoulos et al., 2016a; Figure 26.3). These initial results were further corroborated by following studies (Ikonomidis et al., 2018; Franzen et al., 2018; Chaumont et al., 2018; Kerr et al., 2019) on arterial stiffness, that also showed further attenuation of these deleterious effects in nicotine-free e-cigarettes (Ikonomidis et al., 2018; Franzen et al., 2018) and a possible initial beneficial effect when replacing cigarettes for 1 month (Ikonomidis et al., 2018).
Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The adverse effects of cigarette smoke on human health are widely recognized. Cigarette smoking is the main etiological agent in numerous diseases, in particular chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, and it is a known human carcinogen (109). It is the origin of about 90% of all lung cancer deaths and also of other cancers like cancers of esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon, and rectum, as well as leukemia (109–111). Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases, and reduces the health and the lifespan of smokers in general. Smoking also causes heart disease, stroke, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, asthma, bronchitis, infertility, and more. It impairs immune function and enhances the development of many infectious diseases (109–111). Tobacco is already the leading cause of adult death in developed countries (109). There are more than 1.1 billion tobacco smokers worldwide of which 900 million are men and 200 million are women (109). Cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States (110).
Measurement Models for Patient-Reported Outcomes and Other Health-Related Outcomes
Published in Douglas D. Gunzler, Adam T. Perzynski, Adam C. Carle, Structural Equation Modeling for Health and Medicine, 2021
Douglas D. Gunzler, Adam T. Perzynski, Adam C. Carle
Cardiovascular risk or socioeconomic status can be hypothesized to be formative constructs. One may have a high cardiovascular risk due to the presence of a set of risk factors like high blood pressure, high total cholesterol and being a smoker. One does not develop high blood pressure, high total cholesterol and become a smoker because of one’s internal cardiovascular risk levels. Rather, one has high cardiovascular risk because of the risk factors. Cardiovascular risk does not “cause” one to smoke. Rather, smoking increases cardiovascular risk. In this context, cardiovascular risk can be viewed as a composite index. It is a formative measure and should be modeled as such.
Impact of waterpipe and tobacco cigarette smoking on global DNA methylation and nuclear proteins genes transcription in spermatozoa: a comparative investigation
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2023
Mohammed M. Laqqan, Said S. Al-Ghora, Maged M. Yassin
According to several studies, waterpipe smoking has been found to be more harmful and dangerous to public health in several ways (Daher et al. 2010; Jukema et al. 2014; Wong et al. 2016). Waterpipes produce smoke that contains higher levels of toxicants, including carbon monoxide, heavy metals, acrolein, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other harmful chemicals. These toxicants increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, suppress immune responses, and enhance inflammatory markers (Badran and Laher 2020), which have a significant inverse effect on the protamine replacement process, DNA fragmentation, and semen parameters (De Bantel et al. 2014). In addition, in a typical one-hour waterpipe smoking session, smokers may inhale 100–200 times the amount of smoke they would inhale from a single cigarette (Cobb et al. 2010). This prolonged exposure to smoke increases the risk of lung cancer, heart disease, and other health problems (World Health Organization 2009; Daher et al. 2010; Fragou et al. 2019, Darawshy et al. 2021).
Experiences Using Family or Peer Support for Smoking Cessation and Considerations for Support Interventions: A Qualitative Study in Persons With Mental Health Conditions
Published in Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 2023
Catherine S. Nagawa, Ian A. Lane, Maryann Davis, Bo Wang, Lori Pbert, Stephenie C. Lemon, Rajani S. Sadasivam
People with mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorders, depression, and schizophrenia, have a significantly higher smoking prevalence than the general population (Creamer et al., 2019). Smoking independently explains almost 10 years of potential life lost in people with mental health conditions (Tam et al., 2016). The excess mortality is due to health conditions for which smoking is a known risk factor (Colton & Manderscheid, 2006). Evidence-based smoking cessation intervention programs and strategies targeting the general population have not worked as effectively for people with mental health conditions (Lê Cook et al., 2014). Interventions tailored to promote cessation in people with mental health conditions who smoke are needed. Smoking cessation interventions that integrate family or peer-based support may be an innovative approach to helping people with mental health conditions who smoke quit.
Regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs and m6A modification in trophoblast functions and the occurrence of its related adverse pregnancy outcomes
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Wang Rong, Wan Shukun, Wang Xiaoqing, Huang Wenxin, Dai Mengyuan, Mi Chenyang, Huidong Zhang
It has been accepted that chromosomal abnormalities in genetics, infection, genital tract malformation, aging, and endocrine disorders are causes or potential risk factors for these adverse pregnancy outcomes (Lora and Ruth 2015). However, other potential causes should also be explored (Kristiina et al. 2012). Recently, increasing evidence has shown that environmental toxicants are associated with these adverse pregnancy outcomes (Davies and Norman 2002; Reed and Fenton 2013). A review showed that the exposure to heavy metal cadmium (Cd), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter PM2.5 was associated with the occurrence of PE (Rosen et al. 2018). Another review also showed that bisphenol A and phthalates in food and water might cause weight gain, insulin resistance, and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in pregnancy, potentially inducing GDM (Filardi et al. 2020). A pre-birth prospective cohort of primarily European descent reported that exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy could cause birth weight loss and birth defects (Rogers 2019). An animal study showed that bisphenol A exposure altered placentation and caused preeclampsia-like features in pregnant mice (Ye et al. 2019). Some prospective studies and experimental studies showed that heavy metal Cd exposure might also lead to GDM and FGR (Liu et al. 2018; Zhu et al. 2021, 2022). However, the underlying mechanisms of how these toxicants induced adverse pregnancy outcomes are still largely unclear.