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Respiratory Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Ian Pavord, Nayia Petousi, Nick Talbot
Most patients with chronic respiratory conditions are managed in the community. Despite exciting new treatments across the spectrum of respiratory disease, many conditions remain progressive and are associated with considerable morbidity. In this setting, patient education about managing their illness, combined with community support from a multidisciplinary team including specialist nurses, physiotherapists and physicians, is very important. Multidisciplinary working is also of paramount importance for patients with lung malignancy, for whom close interaction between chest physicians, oncologists and thoracic surgeons is essential for guiding management, and for patients with exacerbations of respiratory disease requiring admission to hospital. Inpatients may particularly benefit from specialist chest physiotherapy to clear secretions and encourage early mobilization.
Approaches for Identification and Validation of Antimicrobial Compounds of Plant Origin: A Long Way from the Field to the Market
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Lívia Maria Batista Vilela, Carlos André dos Santos-Silva, Ricardo Salas Roldan-Filho, Pollyanna Michelle da Silva, Marx de Oliveira Lima, José Rafael da Silva Araújo, Wilson Dias de Oliveira, Suyane de Deus e Melo, Madson Allan de Luna Aragão, Thiago Henrique Napoleão, Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva, Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) was initially diagnosed in China’s Wuhan province in late 2019, spreading to countless countries worldwide. After the increasing number of cases, on March 11, 2020, this disease was recognized by the WHO as a pandemic. The disease’s name comes from Coronavirus disease (COVID) since it belongs to the family Coronaviridaeae and as it was identified in 2019, it was named COVID-19 (Gupta 2020). Due to the pandemic character, infectious potential, mortality rate and lack of scientifically proven treatments to date, the search for antiviral therapies has been intensified to find bioactive compounds that help fight COVID-19 or assist in the treatment process. Currently, treatments for respiratory diseases caused by viruses present difficulties in their effectiveness, and the forms of prevention (such as vaccines) are still the best options.
Respiratory Diseases
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
The major contributing factors to respiratory diseases include genetic mutations, exposure to environmental and occupational carcinogens, and tobacco use disorder. Ambient air pollution alone is considered a major public health concern globally and is thought to contribute to a mortality rate of 8.8 million per year through non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular and respiratory diagnoses (see Table 11.1).1 Air pollution, primarily associated with fossil fuel use, is estimated to cause a loss of life expectancy of 2.9 (2.3–3.5) years, which exceeds the effects of smoking and consequences of violence.1 Certain geographical and lower-income regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, experience lower life expectancy as well as higher than average air pollution-induced infant mortality rates, secondary to the additional risk factor of high household air pollution associated with indoor use of solid biofuels.1
Modeling the therapy system of noninvasive pressure support ventilation with the respiratory patient in COPD and ARDS
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Yueyang Yuan, Lixin Xie, Wei Liu, Zheng Dai
Respiratory disease has greatly threatened human health and life safety. The NPSV has been widely applied with respiratory patient. Especially the NPSV respirator is an important treatment device for saving the life of the patient in corona virus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) due to its easy operation without tracheal intubation (Bai et al. 2020). In this article, although we justly introduced the simulated experiments with the model of NPSV therapy system applied for the virtual respiratory patients in COPD and ARDS, the model of NPSV therapy system can be used to simulate more respiratory patients by changing the ventilation parameters of Pa, Rleak and/or patient’s respiratory parameters of Pmus, Ra, CL. In this model of NPSV therapy system, the sub-model respirator and the sub-model of respiratory patient also can be individually applied for investigate the technologies of respirator and/or respiratory patient. Not only the clinicians without background of engineering but also the engineers without clinical background will be benefitted in their researches with the simulation. With referring to the simulated conclusions, it will be helpful for setting and previewing the ventilation conditions and parameters in the NPSV therapy system according to the pathological characteristics and symptoms appeared in different respiratory patients.
Emerging drugs in the treatment of chronic cough
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2023
Danica Brister, Mustafaa Wahab, Moaaz Rashad, Nermin Diab, Martin Kolb, Imran Satia
Chronic cough is a common and debilitating condition that impacts approximately 10% of the general population, but with large global variations in prevalence ranging from 2 to 18% [1] [2]. Cough is one of the most common symptoms of respiratory disease and can persist long after the resolution of the inciting complaint, such as a viral or bacterial respiratory infection. Cough impacts multiple domains of patient experience including social, psychological, and physical well being [3,4]. The associated symptoms of incontinence, social isolation, and sleep disruption add to the physical discomfort of frequent coughing and can erode quality of life. When cough accompanies an underlying medical condition such as asthma, non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB), interstitial lung disease (ILD), gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), or upper airway cough syndromes (UACS), therapies targeting the disease can often have little to no impact on cough, leaving patients and health providers frustrated.
Shaping the future from the small scale: dry powder inhalation of CRISPR-Cas9 lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of lung diseases
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Simone P. Carneiro, Antonietta Greco, Enrica Chiesa, Ida Genta, Olivia M. Merkel
A group of severe respiratory chronic diseases presents mutations, genetic heritage, environmental factors, or occupational exposure as a central component. COPD, lung cancer, and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis are examples of diseases that have at least one of these causes but more frequently, a combination of several factors [7,9,12]. Despite the constantly increasing burden of respiratory disorders, the treatment options are limited and mostly related to palliative therapy with several adverse effects that, consequently, result in low patient compliance. Although the currently available treatments for chronic respiratory diseases are capable of achieving considerable symptomatic improvements, a therapy designed to target a specific key component responsible for triggering the disease may represent a clinical advance.