China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chemosensory Disorders and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Carl M. Wahlstrom, Alan R. Hirsch, Bradley W. Whitman
Several factors other than toxic chemicals may heighten the potential for olfactory damage to firefighters. Soot, ubiquitous in fires, may react with chemicals, possibly producing more dangerous particles. The high temperatures to which firefighters are exposed (fires can reach 1000 degrees F on the top floor of a burning building and inhaled smoke can be as hot as 260 degrees F) may exacerbate the olfactotoxic effects of chemicals. Finally, the great physical exertion involved in firefighting requires a high respiratory rate, which increases the amount of inhalation.
The Toxic Environment and Its Medical Implications with Special Emphasis on Smoke Inhalation
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Jacob Loke, Richard A. Matthay, G. J. Walker. Smith
Smoke is a suspension of visible small particulate matter in hot air and toxic gases. The toxic gases can be present as the invisible component. Pyrolysis and combustion of carbonaceous material leads to the formation of black smoke due to the particulate component of carbon or soot which can be adhered with organic acids and aldehydes (Zikria, 1972). White smoke or fumes may be seen with the thermal decomposition of plastic polymers (Dyer and Esch, 1976). The upper respiratory tract is usually able to filter out the inhaled larger particles while allowing the invisible toxic gases and particles of 5 to 10 pm or less in diameter to enter the central or peripheral airways (Hogg, 1985).
The Properties and Applications of Nanodiamonds
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Vadym Mochalin, Olga Shenderova, Dean Ho, Yury Gogotsi
Nanodiamonds can be produced from molecules of explosives, which provide both a source of carbon and energy for the conversion (Fig. 11.1a) [39, 48, 49]. This is an environmentally friendly and economically viable method for disposing of old munitions, such as Composition B, although other explosives may be used too. The detonation takes place in a closed chamber filled with an inert gas or water (ice) coolant, called ‘dry’ or ‘wet’ synthesis, respectively. The resultant product—detonation soot—is a mixture of diamond particles 4–5 nm in diameter with other carbon allotropes and impurities. Detonation soot contains up to 75 wt% of diamond [48, 49]. The carbon yield is 4–10% of the weight of the explosive, depending on cooling media [48, 49].
Air Pollutant impacts on the brain and neuroendocrine system with implications for peripheral organs: a perspective
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2023
Urmila P. Kodavanti, Thomas W. Jackson, Andres R. Henriquez, Samantha J. Snow, Devin I. Alewel, Daniel L. Costa
Air pollutants with differing composition have recently been demonstrated to exacerbate Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes. Greve and collaborators (2022) showed that sub-chronic exposure to ozone, a reactive gaseous air pollutant that does not translocate to the brain, induced changes in peri-plaque microenvironment in Alzheimer’s disease-prone 5xFAD mice. In the same model, Saveleva et al. (2022) found that exposure to freshly-generated ultrafine soot PM caused inflammatory changes without increasing amyloid plaque load. In another transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (APP/PS1), amyloid beta plaque load was increased specifically in hippocampus after sub-chronic exposure to fine PM (Sahu et al. 2021). TgF344-AD rats expressing human Alzheimer’s disease risk genes when exposed to traffic-related ultrafine PM, showed increased plaque formation in the brain that was attributed to translocation of particles (Patten et al. 2021). These studies demonstrate the capability of diverse air pollutants, some of which can translocate beyond the respiratory tract and some of which are not likely to translocate, to induce changes in several brain regions and exacerbate amyloid plaque-associated Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology.
The sp3/sp2 carbon ratio as a modulator of in vivo and in vitro toxicity of the chemically purified detonation-synthesized nanodiamond via the reactive oxygen species generation
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Dong-Keun Lee, Sangwook Ha, Soyeon Jeon, Jiyoung Jeong, Dong-Jae Kim, Seung Whan Lee, Wan-Seob Cho
Nanodiamonds (NDs) have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest due to their unique structural, chemical, biological, mechanical, and optical properties (Mochalin et al. 2011). In recent studies, ND particles have been of particular interest in the biomedical field for use in imaging, diagnostics, and drug or gene delivery due to their excellent biocompatibility and ease of surface modification (Mochalin et al. 2011; Schrand, Hens, and Shenderova 2009). There are various synthesis methods of NDs including detonation (Volkov, Danilenko, and Elin 1990), micro-plasma-assisted technique (Kumar et al. 2013), and laser ablation (Yang, Wang, and Liu 1998). On the commercial scale, NDs are more commonly produced using trinitrotoluene (TNT) and/or hexogen (RDX), called detonation-synthesized nanodiamonds (DNDs) (Ho 2010). As-synthesized DND soot usually consists of a diamond core of 2–10 nm diameter and an outer layer covered by sp2 (graphitic/amorphous) carbon (Mochalin et al. 2011). Therefore, DND soot essentially requires a purification process before their applications.
The toxicology of air pollution predicts its epidemiology
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Andrew J. Ghio, Joleen M. Soukup, Michael C. Madden
After reacting with ozone, carbonaceous compounds demonstrate increased surface functionalization (Figure 2(A)) (Cataldo, 2007a,b; Chapleski et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2015; Tiwari et al., 2014). As indicated by both high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the surface oxygen introduced on these compounds after reaction with ozone is most frequently present in carboxylic acid groups but phenol, lactone, and quinone formation are also observed (Ciobanu et al., 2016; Sutherland et al., 1996). Soot, a mixture of elemental carbon and organic compounds, is oxidized in the atmosphere leading to the formation of carboxylates (Smith & Chughtai, 1995). This reaction increases the polarity of soot surfaces and water-solubility of the particles (Chughtai et al., 1991, 1996, 1999). The reaction between ozone and carbon-containing particles appears to generate either HULIS itself or a product, which chemically is similar to HULIS; the material includes numerous oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g. carboxylates) and can be water-soluble.