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Tobacco Products
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Nancy Houston Miller, Karen Laing
Nicotine activates the brain’s reward circuits, similar to cocaine or heroin, and increases dopamine levels, thus reinforcing this rewarding behavior (NIDA, 2021). It also produces stimulation and decreased feelings of stress and anxiety (Widysanto et al., 2021). Other chemicals in tobacco smoke, such as acetaldehyde, may enhance nicotine’s effects on the brain (NIDA, 2021). Tobacco users adjust their intake to experience feelings of arousal and to control their mood throughout the day. Nicotine has been shown to increase concentration, reaction time, and performance in some areas. However, when tobacco use is stopped or is not possible, the individual will experience withdrawal symptoms. These may include irritability, depression, anxiety, increased appetite, and sleeplessness (Widysanto et al., 2021).
Tobacco and health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Nicotine is much less harmful than tobacco, but it is not harmless. Short-term use of nicotine does little harm, aside from addiction (McNeill et al., 2018). Longer-term use is associated with some cancers and damage to all the systems of the body, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, immunological, renal and reproductive systems (Mishra et al., 2015). Nicotine-replacement therapy alongside the face-to-face support and the expertise of smoking cessation services is the most effective way of transitioning from tobacco to low levels of nicotine to nothing (PHE, 2019).
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Nicotine is the primary and a highly toxic alkaloid in tobacco products. It binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic-cholinergic receptors on autonomic ganglia, the adrenal medulla, neuromuscular junctions and in the brain. Nicotine exerts two effects, a stimulant effect exerted at the locus coeruleus and a reward effect in the limbic system. Therefore, nicotine is a highly addictive substance. This agent also induces peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia and elevated blood pressure. Nicotine in inhalers and patches is indicated for the relief of nicotine withdrawal symptoms and as an aid to smoking cessation. In pharmaceutical products, both nicotine base and nicotine complexed with methacrylic acid polymer and divinylbenzene (nicotine polacrilex; CAS number 96055-45-7, EC number not available, molecular formula not available) may be employed (1).
Smoking Outcome Expectancies in Chinese Young Adults
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2023
Cigarette smoking is a major public health concern worldwide. In 2019, there were 1.14 billion current smokers globally, smoking accounted for 13.6% of all deaths, and 7.89% of all DALYs; in males, smoking was the leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs (GBD 2019Tobacco Collaborators 2021). As the main ingredient in tobacco products, nicotine was recognized as an addictive substance in the 1988 US Surgeon General’s report (US Department of Health and Human Services 1988). Nicotine exerts powerful effects on the reward circuits of the brain, prominently the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain, through binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nicotine causes the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters, which then produces pleasant sensations (Benowitz 2008; West 2009). Even though nicotine is central to the cause and maintenance of smoking addictions, influential sensory factors (e.g. the look, feel, taste, and smell of cigarettes) also play key roles. These sensory factors seem to act synergistically with nicotine to reinforce smoking addictions (Rose 2006; West and Cox 2021).
Depressive-like phenotype enhances relapse of nicotine seeking after forced abstinence in rats
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2023
Petra Amchova, Jana Ruda-Kucerova
Together, the current evidence indicates that in the OBX rats exist certain dissimilarities in operant self-administration among drugs of abuse with different pharmacodynamics. Therefore, other substances should be screened in this animal model of dual diagnosis to map the issue comprehensively. Nicotine is a widely consumed drug legally available in most countries and leads to serious health consequences. Furthermore, cigarette smoking is highly associated with depression, and depression seems to prime smoking (Mathew et al. 2017). Hence, this study was designed to evaluate nicotine dependence in the OBX model at the stage of maintenance and context-induced drug-seeking after a period of drug abstinence. This approach largely corresponds to earlier studies assessing operant addictive behaviours of the OBX rats towards other substances (Holmes et al. 2002; Kucerova et al. 2012; Amchova et al. 2014; Frankowska et al. 2014; Babinska and Ruda-Kucerova 2017). The study assessed two nicotine doses in the operant paradigm to detect possible dose-dependency in the OBX-induced behavioural phenotype.
Tobacco use disparities and disability among US college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Myriam Casseus, Judith M. Graber, Bernadette West, Olivia Wackowski
While previous smaller studies with college students found similar results,14,15 to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to use the NSDUH to examine tobacco use among college students with a range of functional disabilities. The findings confirm that the burden of tobacco use, and nicotine use disorder, is more prevalent among college students with disabilities. Tobacco use involves the interaction of pharmacology, learned or conditioned factors, genetics, and social and environmental factors (including stress, being around others who smoke, availability of products and marketing).28 Research has consistently shown significant associations between mental illness and tobacco dependence. Individuals with major depression, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder are at higher risk for smoking.13,29 Our findings suggest a possible explanation for the higher prevalence of tobacco use among students with disabilities in this sample is that the majority of students reported a cognitive impairment, which may include psychological problems or mental illness. Nicotine, an ingredient in tobacco, triggers the release of neurotransmitters that produce psychoactive effects of reducing stress, and anxiety, while inducing pleasure and reward.28,30 Additionally, this population may experience increased levels of physical pain, depression, and social isolation and use tobacco as a coping mechanism. This is an area for further investigation.