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Cancer
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
In addition to the cancer risk of cigarette smoking: Cigar smoking on a regular basis increases risk of cancers of the lung, oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus (American Cancer Society, 2021).Waterpipe (hookah) smoking is linked in emerging data (currently mostly from case-control studies rather than prospective cohorts) with two to four times increased risk of lung and oral cancers (Waziry et al., 2017).Smokeless tobacco products marketed in the US include chewing tobacco and snuff. Use of smokeless tobacco increases risk of oral cancer especially, as well as esophageal and pancreatic cancers (Warnakulasuriya & Straif, 2018; Wyss et al., 2016).E-cigarettes may also be called “e-cigs,” “vapes,” “e-hookahs,” “vape pens,” and “electronic nicotine delivery systems.” Research is still underway regarding long-term health effects. However, it’s well established that e-cigarette aerosol contains nicotine, as well as cancer-causing chemicals and ultra-fine particles that reach deep into lungs (American Cancer Society, 2019; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “About Electronic Cigarettes”).
Lung Cancer (a) Diagnosis and Causes, Smoking Habits, etc.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Not only is tobacco tar harmful, but also tobacco itself, which when used as snuff or sucked in the mouth ('Skoal Bandits' or chewing tobacco), produces nasal or oral cancer respectively. ('Skoal Bandits' targeted at adolescents were banned from sale in the UK in 1990).
Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Besides cigarette smoking, another type of tobacco addiction is smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tobacco is tobacco that is not burned. Since antiquity, it has been used by Native Americans and Aboriginal peoples of Australia. Consumed either orally or nasally, by chewing, sucking, or sniffing, smokeless tobacco products deliver nicotine without combustion. There are many different forms of smokeless tobacco products consumed globally, but they can be roughly divided into two categories: snuff (finely ground or cut tobacco) and chewing tobacco (whole leaf, plug or twist tobacco) (115). Although all smokeless tobacco products are addictive due to the presence of nicotine, they do not involve combustion, carry no risks associated with smoke inhalation, and are generally accepted to be less hazardous than smoking (115). However, at least 28 chemicals in smokeless tobacco have been found to cause cancer (116). The most harmful chemicals in smokeless tobacco are tobacco-specific nitrosamines, which are formed during the growing, curing, fermenting, and aging of tobacco. The level of tobacco-specific nitrosamines varies by product. Scientists have found that the nitrosamine level is directly related to the risk of cancer (116). Chewing leaf tobacco can lead to nicotine addiction and can cause cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and pancreas. Chewing tobacco products may also cause gum disease, dental problem, pharyngitis, laryngitis, heart disease, stroke, and other health problems (116).
Epidemiological Assessment of Oral Cancer Burden in Pakistan
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2021
Naila Malkani, Sara Kazmi, Muhammad Usman Rashid
Tobacco is used in various forms in South East Asia including Pakistan such as cigarettes, cigars, hookahs, and pipes. WHO has reported that more than 41% of the Pakistani population use tobacco (http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/tobacco/use/atlas.html). This high exposure to tobacco smoking could be a contributing factor towards an increased incidence of this cancer in Pakistan. Tobacco smoking is linked with OSCC in North-West Pakistan (39). A smokeless tobacco product, “naswar” is extensively consumed in various regions of Pakistan. A case-control study noted that the oral cancer burden in Pakistan is attributable to “naswar” in 68% of men and 38% of women (40). Another study showed chewing tobacco as a major risk factor for oral cancer among Asian ethnic subgroups living in the UK (41).
Change in socio-economic inequality of tobacco consumption among men in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey 2005-06 to 2015-16
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Ratna Patel, Pradeep Kumar, Shobhit Srivastava, Shekhar Chauhan
The study used three outcome variables: smokeless tobacco use, smoked tobacco use, and tobacco use (smokeless or smoke tobacco). The questions were asked to the respondent (1) Do you currently smoke cigarettes. (2) Do you currently smoke bidis? and (3) Do you currently smoke or use tobacco in any other form such as (a) Cigar, (b) Pipe, c) Hookah, (d) Gutkha/paan masala with tobacco, (e) Khaini, (f) Pan with tobacco, (g) other chewing tobacco, and (h) Snuff. The questions’ responses were ‘Yes’ and ‘No.’ Respondents consuming chewing tobacco or snuff or gutkha/paan masala with tobacco or paan with tobacco or khaini were considered a smokeless tobacco user. The respondent who currently smoke bidis or cigarettes or cigar or pipe or hookah was considered a smoke tobacco user. For tobacco use, if the respondent consumed either smokeless or smoke tobacco was coded as 1 “Yes” and 0 “No.”
Linalool attenuates acquisition and reinstatement and accelerates the extinction of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference in male mice
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2021
Nicotine, which is known as a major addictive substance, is generally present in tobacco herbs. Tobacco is generally consumed in different forms, such as cigarettes, cigars, and chewing tobacco (5–7). Tobacco dependence is a major preventable reason for global morbidity and mortality, and quitting smoking is complex, especially for heavily dependent smokers. Like other drug and substance addictions, tobacco dependence is a chronic relapsing disease and has no logical cure so far (5,6). In general, 6 million people die every year as a result of smoking (8). Smoking is tremendously harmful to the human body, more specifically for the respiratory system, and can induce coughing disorders, laryngitis, emphysema, bronchitis, cancer, heart disease, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (5,6,8,9). Nicotine, as the primary active ingredient in tobacco, mediates positive impact through the stimulation of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are expressed in the dopaminergic neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) and the brain reward system (8). It influences several neurotransmitter systems in the brain’s reward mechanisms (10–15).