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Cancer
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
In addition to the cancer risk of cigarette smoking: Cigar smoking on a regular basis increases risk of cancers of the lung, oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus (American Cancer Society, 2021).Waterpipe (hookah) smoking is linked in emerging data (currently mostly from case-control studies rather than prospective cohorts) with two to four times increased risk of lung and oral cancers (Waziry et al., 2017).Smokeless tobacco products marketed in the US include chewing tobacco and snuff. Use of smokeless tobacco increases risk of oral cancer especially, as well as esophageal and pancreatic cancers (Warnakulasuriya & Straif, 2018; Wyss et al., 2016).E-cigarettes may also be called “e-cigs,” “vapes,” “e-hookahs,” “vape pens,” and “electronic nicotine delivery systems.” Research is still underway regarding long-term health effects. However, it’s well established that e-cigarette aerosol contains nicotine, as well as cancer-causing chemicals and ultra-fine particles that reach deep into lungs (American Cancer Society, 2019; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “About Electronic Cigarettes”).
Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Besides cigarette smoking, another type of tobacco addiction is smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tobacco is tobacco that is not burned. Since antiquity, it has been used by Native Americans and Aboriginal peoples of Australia. Consumed either orally or nasally, by chewing, sucking, or sniffing, smokeless tobacco products deliver nicotine without combustion. There are many different forms of smokeless tobacco products consumed globally, but they can be roughly divided into two categories: snuff (finely ground or cut tobacco) and chewing tobacco (whole leaf, plug or twist tobacco) (115). Although all smokeless tobacco products are addictive due to the presence of nicotine, they do not involve combustion, carry no risks associated with smoke inhalation, and are generally accepted to be less hazardous than smoking (115). However, at least 28 chemicals in smokeless tobacco have been found to cause cancer (116). The most harmful chemicals in smokeless tobacco are tobacco-specific nitrosamines, which are formed during the growing, curing, fermenting, and aging of tobacco. The level of tobacco-specific nitrosamines varies by product. Scientists have found that the nitrosamine level is directly related to the risk of cancer (116). Chewing leaf tobacco can lead to nicotine addiction and can cause cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and pancreas. Chewing tobacco products may also cause gum disease, dental problem, pharyngitis, laryngitis, heart disease, stroke, and other health problems (116).
Tobacco and health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Tobacco products which are designed to be chewed or sniffed are often called smokeless tobacco. Chemicals such as nicotine are quickly absorbed into the blood stream through the mucous lining of the mouth or nasal passages. Chewing tobacco is normally made from tobacco leaves which are air cured and crushed, with added flavourings. Dipping is the process of holding the tobacco between the lip and the gum. Varieties include gutka – dried tobacco leaves, areca nut, slaked lime, catechu, flavourings and sweetenersmishri – burnt tobacco rubbed into gums, used for teeth cleaningnass/naswar/niswar – tobacco, ash, cotton or sesame oil and water, rolled into a ballsnus – a Swedish form of snuff containing tobacco, moisturisers, sodium carbonate, salt, sweeteners and flavourings in small tea bagstambaku paan/betel quid – a combination of tobacco, areca nut and slaked lime folded into a betel leaf and chewedzarda – boiled and dried tobacco leaves with lime, spices, colourings, areca nut and flavourings
Alcohol and tobacco: use and co-use in the North-Eastern Region of India, 2015-16
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2023
We also analyzed the types of alcohol and tobacco and the combination of alcohol and tobacco that men and women consume. The categories of alcohol are tadi, country liquor, beer, wine, hard liquor, and others. Tadi is a localized name for palm wine, and country liquor in NER is a fermented alcoholic drink made from rice, fruits, leaves, etc. Tobacco was categorized into three groups, smoking, smokeless and other. Smoking tobacco comprises cigarettes, pipes, cigars, bidis, and hookah; smokeless tobacco includes chewing tobacco, snuff, khaini, gutka/paan masala with tobacco, pan with tobacco; and other tobacco (smokes others). Bidi and hookah are oriental forms of smoking tobacco. Bidi is unprocessed tobacco wrapped with leaves like a cigarette and hookah, a water-pipe tobacco smoking technique. Likewise, khaini, gutka/pan masala, pan with tobacco are local chewable tobacco. Khaini is fermented tobacco leaves mixed with lime; gutka/pan masala is oral tobacco mixed with areca nut and other substances; pan with tobacco is betel nut, herbs, spices, and tobacco wrapped in betel leaf (also known as betel quid). To better understand how alcohol and tobacco coexist, bivariate approaches were applied.
The effect of smokeless tobacco use and exposure to cigarette promotions on smoking intention among youths in Ghana
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2018
Eniola Olubukola Cadmus, Olalekan A. Ayo-Yusuf
Research suggest that there is a possibility that smokeless tobacco use may serve as a gateway in encouraging progression to smoking (Haddock et al., 2001; Rudatsikira et al., 2010; Tomar, 2003). Conversely, some studies have concluded that this gateway effect does not exist and that smokeless tobacco use does not necessarily lead to cigarette smoking in the future (Bates et al., 2003; O’Connor, Kozlowski, Flaherty, & Edwards, 2005). Furthermore, advertising helps to “normalize” tobacco use by creating appealing images and suggesting that the product being used is prevalent, desirable and safe (American Psychological Association [APA], 2012; Morrison et al., 2008). Research conducted by the American Psychological Association (APA) suggests that youths are particularly susceptible to advertisements which make the use of a product seem normal (APA, 2012). Thus, exposure of children and adolescents to tobacco advertisements may lead to the development of positive attitudes, beliefs and expectations about both the marketing and use of the products (National Cancer Institute, 2008). In addition, being receptive to tobacco promotions by virtue of owning or being willing to use a tobacco promotional item, or having a favorite tobacco advertisement, has been shown to increase susceptibility to tobacco use (Choi, Gilpin, Farkas, & Pierce, 2001; National Cancer Institute, 2008).
Effects of smokeless tobacco on cell viability, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokines in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Junwei Zhao, Liangjun Qiao, Pingping Shang, Chenfeng Hua, Yuming Xie, Xiang Li, Meizhou Ding, Kejian Liu, Junwei Guo, Ge Zhao, Sheng Wang, Huimin Liu, Fuwei Xie
One of the major challenges in assessing smokeless tobacco products is the presentation of data on a basis that allows comparison of tobacco products with significant differences in constituent levels, moisture content and nicotine content (Rickert et al. 2009). Ideally, comparisons between cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco should be based on the concentration of substance which reflects the dose–response toxicity. While evaluating the toxicological effects of tobacco products, additional chemical analysis should preferably be required. Rickert et al. (2009) characterized several types of smokeless tobacco products available on the Canadian market by analyzing major componets, such as TSNAs, heavy metals, B[a]P, and assessing in vitro toxicity including mutagenicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Arimilli et al. (2012) evaluated the cytotoxicity of different tobacco product preparations and analyzed nicotine, TSNAs and PAHs in TPM, whole smoke conditioned media and smokeless tobacco extract. About 28 carcinogens have been identified in smokeless tobacco, the most abundant group of carcinogens are TNSAs and N-nitrosoamino acids. In addition to these compounds, other carcinogens present in smokeless tobacco include volatile aldehydes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile N-nitrosamines, etc. (IARC, 2007). Epidemiologic, clinical and experimental data showed that smokeless tobacco was carcinogenic and harmful to human health, and the use of smokeless tobacco could lead to cancer, especially oral cancer (Cullen et al. 1986; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health 2014).